What Is Decision Support System?

What Is Decision Support System?DSS tail end be defined as use of computer application that can financial aid managers, staff members, or people who interact within the makeup to induce terminations and identify problems by using available data and communion technology.Origin Of DSSIn 1960 J. C. R. Licklider wrote a paper on his observation of how the interaction between man and computer can improve the quality and competency in recognising and problem solving. His paper turn up to be like a guide to many future researches on DSS. In 1962 with use of hypertext online spirt helped in storage and retrieval of documents and creation of digital libraries. SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Environment) construct by Forrester is probably the first data set computerised DSS. In 1964 Scott Morton built up an interactive model dictated management stopping point system which could help managers chance on important management decisions. In 1970 John D.C. Little noted that the requirem ent for designing models and system to make a management decision was completeness to data, simplicity, ease of control and robustness, which till date argon relevant in improving and evaluating modern DSSs. By 1975 he built up a DSS called Brandaid which could support promotion, advertising, pricing and product related decisions. In 1974 the focus was on giving managers with information which was from accounting and transaction processing system with use if MIS(Management knowledge Systems) but MIS was piece to not parcel out managers with making key decisions. Hence in 1979 Scott Morton and Gorry argued that MIS just primarily focused on structured decisions and hence the system which also supports unstructured and semi-structured decision should be termed as Decision support systems.In s nutshell developments-1960 Building model-driven DSS1970 Theory developmentsmid(prenominal) 80s Implementation of financial planning systems, spreadsheet DSS and Group DSS.Early 90s Evolving of Data warehouses, Executive Information Systems, OLAP and Business Intelligence.Mid 90s Knowledge-driven DSS and the implementation of Web-based DSSTypes Of DSSModel Driven DSSQuantitative models reserve the most basic level of functionality. Model driven DSSs use small data and parameters provided by the DSSs users usually managers to help them in analysing a problem and contribute statistical, financial report and simulation model to help the decision makers. Model driven DSSs question can help organisational processes to answer the WHAT IF question and thus help them forecast the effects of changes in business process.Ferguson and J unrivaleds production computer programming application was also a model-driven DSS but Scott-Mortons in 1971, production planning management decision system was the first grandly discussed model-driven DSS.Data Driven DSSData driven DSS are systems which makes use of companys mostly internal data and sometimes external and veri tabularize time data to help organisations make decisions. Usually the data comes in form of databases or data warehouse which allows queries and data retrieval tools and analysis to make decisions.Richard Klaas and Charles Weiss at American Airlines developed one of the first data-driven DSS. An example of data driven DSS can be use of digital maps or the GIS( Geographic Information System).Communication Driven DSSCommunication Driven DSS helps in decision making to internal group of people by sharing of information and enabling conference between them. Most basic example can be the threaded email between a group and complex example can be video conferencing. In communication driven DSS communication technologies is most important component of its working architecture. In recent years internet provided vast possibilities to communication driven DSS.Groupware bulletin video and audio conferencing are few of the technologies used for communication Driven DSS.Document Driven DSSDocument driven DSS uses the organisations documents such as policies, procedures, processes, specifications, historical, stored documents and processing technologies to give documental analysis and enhance decision making. This type is system is usually targeted at larger base of users.Internet greatly increases the accessibility of all required documents and hence helps in development of document driven DSS.Knowledge Driven DSSKnowledge Driven DSS are used usually by managers to help them with management advice or to choose products or services. These DSSs can be just a standalone computers with applications which are expert in percenticular domain along with its understanding so as to solve the problems of that dispelicular domain. Artificial intelligence is vastly used by such application to help Knowledge driven DSSs.Now a days Knowledge Driven DSS coupled with intelligence systems are used at medical diagnostic centres, fraud detection and scheduling manufacturing operations.Web-based DSSCompu terized DSSs capabilities were extended with emergence of internet and world-wide web. With passing time HTML developed and TAGS and tables further helped in enhancing Web-based DSS. With all these developments web-based DSS became main platform for all types of DSS to develop. Corporate flummox started using intranet for knowledge management and support information exchange between various departments. The server that is having the DSS application is connected to the computer by a profit through the TCP/IP protocol. Recently application service providers introduced enterprise knowledge portals that combined information portals, knowledge management, business intelligence and communications-driven DSS in an co-ordinated Web environment.Benefits of DSSImproves efficiencyHelps in faster problem solvingHelps in interpersonal communicationPromotes learningIncreases organizational controlProvides fresh evidence in support of a decisionCreates a competitive advantage over competitionEn courages exploration and discovery on the part of the decision makerReveals sassy approaches to thinking about the problem spaceHelps automate the managerial processes.Cost reduction and enhance profit.Disadvantages of DSSOver dependency for Decision makingAssuming it to be correct.Unanticipated effectsDeflect personal responsibilitiesInformation overload.ConclusionDSS is still and evolving technology. The types of DSS mentioned are just few of the many DSS which are around and help organization in decision making. Many of the types of DSS are subsets of previously researched and created DSS with added functionality and/or requirements.A very brief span of historical data has been used to portray DSS developing and growth in early years. All the scientists, researchers and professors then set up a base for future DSS to develop and build upon to enhance and simplify decision making.By understanding how DSS evolved over the period of time and how its still being developed helps us in understanding how and where the future DSSs are heading and what to yield next in this fast emerging technology. Of the types discussed Web based is the most rapidly growing and improving DSS. Recent developments in internet, computers and communication devices are helping Web-based DSS application to divulge into various other fields.DSS and DSS application continues to take advantage of any and all emerging technologies in artificial intelligence, databases, data warehouses, human interaction with computers which can help improve it much and simplify decision making.Sources/Referenceshttp//www.bestpricecomputers.co.uk/glossary/decision-support-systems.htmhttp//searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/decision-support-systemhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_systemhttp//dssre ancestrys.com/history/dsshistory.htmlVitamin E Functions and MetabolismVitamin E Functions and MetabolismVitamin E is one of 4 fat-soluble vitamins. The vitamin is formed by plants, and has eight unl ike isoforms separated into two classes of four vitamins each. The compounds include of a 6-chromanol ring and an isoprenoid side chain.The group bond to the R1, R2 and R3 vista on the 6-chromanol ring verify whether the vitamin is acknowledged as of import, beta, gamma, or delta.(www.exrx.nt, 2011) A large body of the study now focuses on the alpha tocopherol form of vitamin E, which is the most biologically active (Tiidus, P. M., and M. E. Houston, 1995, Traber, M.G., 1999). Recently gamma tocopherol has been a subject of importance by countless researchers. Vitamins are a vital source of life. Vitamins are any organic that is crucial for many living things to obtain a normal healthy living. (Dorling Kindersley, 1998)Dietary FunctionVitamin E is an essential part of cellular membranes whose main role is to protect the cell alongside to oxidation, Within cells and organelles vitamin E is the first line of defence against lipid per oxidation. The vitamin also acts as a very impor tant function in providing elasticity to red blood cells as they travel through the arterial system.Artificial vitamin E nominates dl-alpha-tocopherol, is less dear(predicate) from the inherently occurring form, d-alpha tocopherol. The expected/natural form of the vitamin is synthesised only by vegetation and is fix mostly in plant oils. Vitamin E is also present in large numbers in the chloroplast and as a result the leaf of most plants.The fat-soluble property of vitamin E allows it to be stored within the fatty wavers of worldly concern and physicals. wherefore a nutrition that includes meat supplies additional vitamin E. However, the amount of vitamin E obtained in a high protein meat complete victuals is less than the amount supplied by a plant source.MetabolismAbsorption and BioavaliabilityAbsorption of vitamin E is highly reliant on the same process that develop during fatty acid digestion and metabolism. A lack of any component of these transporters will reduce car rier structure and in turn vitamin E absorption. vitriol acids are a measured essential for vitamin E absorption and micelle formation. Once formed, the micelle is then able to cross the undiluted water layer and discharge its contents into the enterocyte. A contemplation of the flow air pressure of vitamin E through the enterocyte has been elusive to researchers (Traber, M.G., 1999).The ingested Vitamin E is quickly vacant from the bloodstream, into tissues as blood assiduitys of vitamin E in humans and animals have minute relation to the quantity within the body. Vitamin E is fat soluble food economic consumption could potentially persuade its bioavailability, it is claimed that the alpha-tocopherol has the highest bioavailability. The lower bioavailability of Vitamin E is form a typical vitamin E supplement, and the changeableness which is experimented when consumed, this suggest that vitamin e is poorly absorbed through the body with low-fat meals. Vitamin E can be improved b y food reinforcement makes Vitamin E more bio-available .Bioavailability of vitamin E, is influenced by the increase of risk in coronary heart disease.Vitamin E is an antioxidant that is vital for our bodies, to preserve optimum health and in people diets. Vitamin E is massive and in all kinds of foods. Most vitamin E comes from vegetable oil and products made from them like margarine and salad dressings. It is important for youth,in order to maintain their health. It aids in defend red blood cells, defends the body against oxidative damage and helps avoid damage of both vitamins A C.Having vitamin E as part of a well match diet can reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer, also slows down the effect of Alzheimers disease when consumed in high dosageOnce in the blood 15 to 45% of the total vitamin E intake can be absorbed by the cells.TransportUpon reaching the bicollateral exterior of the enterocyte vitamin E is packed into chylomicrons and then elated throughout the body v ia the movement. Within five minutes of arrangement chylomicrons are broken down by lipoprotein lipase and the contents are detached towards a range of paths. The vitamin E in the chylomicron equilibrates both with (HDLS) and (LDLS) ( Groff, J.L., Gropper S.S., and line S.M 1995). HDLS all circulate lipoproteins which eventually receive vitamin E, as HDL fervently relocates the compound to the lipoproteins at a rate equivalent to 10% of the plasma vitamin E per hour (Traber, M.G., 1999). The vitamin E remaining in the chylomicron becomes a chylomicron remnant and travels back to the liver-colored for re-uptake in a process that has garnered much research, but so far is poorly understood. Once in the liver the vitamin E is packaged into Very economic crisis Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) and excreted back into the circulation. Being the most biologically active of the eight vitamers, (Groff, J.L., Gropper S.S., and Hunt S.M 1995, Kanter, M.M. 1998, National Academy of Sciences. 2000 , Traber, M.G., 1999, www.exrx.nt), alpha tocopherol is sequestered by the liver and constitutes over 80% of the total vitamin E packaged into the VLDL and secreted by the liver (Traber, M.G., 1999, www.exrx.nt). The predominant off of the alpha vitamer is performed by alpha tocopherol transfer protein (ATTP). As the VLDL are broken down by lipoprotein lipase, Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) are formed and from these lipoproteins the vitamin E is transferred to HDL and eventually incorporated into every circulating lipoproteins or peripheral tissue. Any of the previously mentioned lipoproteins have the ability to transfer vitamin E to the tissue as needed (Groff, J.L., Gropper S.S., and Hunt S.M 1995, Traber, M.G., 1999, www.exrx.nt). A last(a) mechanism for vitamin E is uptake by the peripheral tissue from the chylomicron via lipoprotein lipase activity. Unlike re-uptake of vitamin E by the chylomicron remnant, uptake of the vitamer by peripheral tissue is best understood. After vitamin E has been transferred to the LDL from the chylomicron two receptors (LDL dependent receptor and LDL independent receptor) within the tissue play a key role in the uptake of vitamin E into the cell (Traber, M.G., 1999, www.exrx.nt).StorageVitamin E is a lipid soluble vitamin and on that pointfore over 90% of total body vitamin E is found in the adipose tissue (National Academy of Sciences, 2000, Traber, M.G., 1999, www.exrx.nt). Over 90% of these pools are found as a part of an adipocyte fat droplet whereas the remaining amount is found mainly in adipocyte cellular membrane. The storage ratios of vitamin E are also very difficult to alter. It takes over two years to alter the ratio of alpha to gamma isoforms. Previous studies have shown that the ratio is altered as the alpha vitamin replaces the gamma vitamin, which is reduced by 70% (Tiidus, P. M., and M. E. Houston, 1995, www.exrx.nt). Concentrations of vitamin E cover a wide range in body tissues. In the plasma the conce ntration of vitamin E is approximately 27 umol/l. Within skeletal muscle protein the vitamin E concentration varies intimately depending upon the type of muscle (National Academy of Sciences, 2000). Although a large majority of vitamin E is found in adipose tissue (230 nmol/g wet weight) (National Academy of Sciences, 2000) thither isnt an organ that function to store and discharge vitamin E. The actual means regarding vitamin E release from the tissue is unknown at this time. While it seems likely that vitamin E is released during lipolysis associated with lick this may not be true. Research has shown that even during times of weight reduction vitamin E is not released from the adipose cells (Traber, M.G., 1999). Therefore, the factors that regulate bioavliability of vitamin E from adipose tissue are not known.RequirementsAs it is unknown how much vitamin E should be consumed by adults, it is aid that according to the (RDA) that men whould have a Vitamin E intake of 15 mgs and 10 mgs for females.(S.Frances,2006) Only natural alpha-tocopherol can typically provide supplements of Vitamin E, and only existing one stereo-isometric form. The need for vitamin E increases as people diet consist of more polyunsaturated fats and oils as the oils in Vitamin E needs a source of antioxidants to help absorption/and protection. Vitamin E is largely contained in altogether oils. In 1968 the RDA for vitamin E was established at 300 IU (300 mg) for a 65 kg adult male ( National Academy of Sciences. 2001).The detailed RDA is listed in table 1 and table 2. This daily level is difficult to reach unless a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids was consumed ( Tiidus, P. M., and M. E. Houston1995)From 1 mg of vitamin E approximately .3 ( Traber, M.G., 1999) to .5 is in the alpha vitamin form and therefore readily absorbed. The other vitamers are not stored as efficiently and usually excreted ( Tiidus, P. M., and M. E. Houston1995, Traber, M.G., 1999). Therefore a new RDA was se t based on the alpha-tocopherol form of the vitamin. In 1989 the RDA for Vitamin E was set at 10 mg alpha tocopherol for men and 8 mg of alpha-tocopherol for women (Traber, M.G., 1999, www.exrx.nt). In the year 2000 all RDA values were in the process of being replaced by Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). The DRI has been established at 15 IU of alpha-tocopherol. The revised DRI levels are the same for both men and women ( Packer, L.1997, www.exrx.nt).Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)In 1968, the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin E was established at 300 IU (300 mg) for a 65 kg adult male ( National Academy of Sciences. 2001. The other vitamins are not stored as efficiently and usually excreted (Tiidus, P. M., and M. E. Houston1995, Traber, M.G., 1999). In accordance to information resourced from Traber, M.G. in 1999 , there was a new recommended dietary allowance which was set based on the alpha-tocopherol form of the vitamin. In 1989 the RDA for Vitamin E was set at 10 mg alpha tocopherol for men and 8 mg of alpha-tocopherol for women.DeficiencyAnaemia, muscle necrosis, and foetal death have been observed in over fifteen different vitamin-E-deficient animal species.(www.exrx.nt) .Humans who have fat mal-absorption suffer from the same symptoms shown in rats, but to a lesser degree. These manifestations are exhibited early in childhood. Some of the symptoms include decreased sensational perception, muscle weakness, scoliosis, and muscle structural abnormalities. These symptoms can usually be reversed using vitamin E supplementation ( Tiidus, P. M., and M. E. Houston1995, www.exrx.nt)) Vitamin E deficient diets fed to adult humans have resulted in the formation of very few deficiency symptoms. (Bunnell R.H., E. De Ritter, S.H. Rubin 1975, www.exrx.nt) has shown that prisoners performing strenuous physical labour while fed a vitamin-E deficient diet for 13 months exhibited no deficiency symptoms. A diet full of vitamin E may lower the risk of cancer an d the likely hood of death, in part through oxidation and inflammation. Lacking vitamin E concentrations in the blood people die more often and than people with a high blood concentration (s.Frances, 2006).Through research and development of vitamin E has an effect on helping slowing down the loss of function that occurs in Alzheimers disease when taken in unwarranted dosages.ToxicityVitamin E toxicity has not often been acknowledged in humans. Doses up to 1600 I.U. have been usually administered in study with no clear rebarbative side effects. Toxicity may be complex since there is a wide variant in daily blood vitamin E levels. Increasing vitamin E levels in muscle tissue is especially difficult to attain and therefore toxic levels are difficult to achieve. Meydani et al. ( Karlsson J.,1997, www.exrx.nt) given 800 I.U. of vitamin E to subjects for a period of 48 days and only saw a 37% increase in plasma alpha tocopherol levels (www.exrx.nt). The tocopherol binding protein is mo st commonly give tongue to to manage the quantity of vitamin E that can be physiologically stored. High levels of vitamin E are likely excreted by the body.ConclusionIn conclusion vitamin E may help reduce oxidative stress and lipid per oxidation of cellular membranes. The current Dietary Recommended Intake for vitamin E meets the needs of most individuals can be achieved through a healthy diet, and eating plan. In April 2000 The National Academy of Sciences according to Packer, L. In 1997 established an intake maximum of 1100 I.U for synthetic and 1500 I.U. for natural vitamin E. These maximum levels are approximately one hundred times the Dietary Recommended Intake. Vitamin E supplementation by both active and non active individuals is widely employed. The select to supplement or not supplement a diet with vitamin E is an option.REFERENCE LISTBunnell R.H., E. De Ritter, S.H. Rubin. Effect of feeidng polyunsaturated fatty acids with a low vitamin E diet on blood levels of tocophe rol in men peroforming hard physical labour. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 28706-711, 1975.Clarkson P. M. Antioxidants and physical performance. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr 35 131-141, 1995.Class notes on vitamins and minerals. Dr. Mariam Farhad, 2011Groff, J.L., Gropper S.S., and Hunt S.M. The Fat Soluble Vitamins. In Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. Minneapolis West Publishing Company, 1995, p. 284-324.Hartman, A., A.M. Neiss, M. Grunert-Fuchs, B. Poch, and G. Speit. Vitamin E prevents exercise-induced DNA damage. Mutat. Res. 346 195-202, 1995.http//consumerlab.com/RDAS viewed 15.05.2011http//ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE.asp viewed 13.05.2011http//www.exrx.nt/nutrition/antixidants/vitaminE.html viewed 15.05.2011Karlsson J. Exercise, muscle metabolism and the antioxidant defense. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 8281-100, 1997.Packer L. Protective role of vitamin E in biological systems. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 531050S-1055S, 1991.Rokitski, L., E. Logemann, A.N. Sagredos, M. Murphy, W. Wetzel-Ro th, and J. Keul. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative vitamins under extreme stress. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 151 149-158, 1994Traber, M.G., 1999. Vitamin E. In Modern Nutrition in wellness and Disease. Ninth Edition. Edited by Maurice Shils, James Olson, Moshe Shike, and A. Catharine Ross. Baltimore Williams Wilkins, 1999 p. 347-362.Watt, T., T.T. Romet, I. McFalane, D. McGuey, C. Allen, and R. C. Goode. Vitamin E and oxygen consumption. Lancet. 2 354-358, 1974.T., T.T. Romet, I. McFalane, D. McGuey, C. Allen, and R. C. Goode. Vitamin E and oxygen consumption. Lancet. 2 354-358, 1974.

What Are The Impacts Of An Earthquake Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Impacts Of An seism Environmental Sciences EssayTectonic temblor is the most common form of quake that occurs in various move of the world. The of import develop for triggering an seism is due to the movement of different tectonic plates. The surface of earth is do up of a flake of rigid parts called tectonic plates and is in continuous movement with each other. These plate movements argon driven by forces deep within the earth. There are two emblems of tectonic seisms they are (a) Inter plate temblors or Plate boundary earthquakes and (b) Intra plate earthquake or Mid Plate earthquakes ASC India webInter plate earthquakesThis type of earthquake occurs along the narrow zones that follows the boundaries of the tectonic plate. This type of earthquake is caused by the interaction of the two or more tectonic plates. There are two prominent bands of Inter-Plate boundaries in the world. One band begins from the western Mediterranean covering southern Europe, North Africa and extending through the Middle East and ending in the Himalayas. The second band is in the form of a circle around the Pacific Rim, which includes Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Kamchatka in Russia, south pacific island nations and New Zealand in the west. The east part of the circle includes Alaska, California, Pacific, North-West parts of unite States, Western Canada, Central America, South Ameri stand countries of Colombia, Peru, Chile, and Ecuador. This circum pacific band is also known as the Ring of Fire ASC IndiaIntra plate earthquakesThis type of earthquake occurs far from the plate boundaries and this type of earthquakes are less frequent compare to the inter plate earthquake. This type of earthquakes are also capable of releasing the similar amount of energy that is released during the inter plate earthquake and this type of earthquakes are also capable of causing destruction and equipment casualty to the society and people. The energy released from this type o f earthquake contributes only 1% of the annual unstable energy released globally. This type of earthquakes occur in Indian peninsula, central Indian Ocean, Central and Eastern United States, Eastern Canada, northern Europe, Australia, Brazil, Hawaii and in the Western parts of Africa. ASC India2.2.2 Vol targetic EarthquakeVolcanic earthquakes are caused due to the volcanic activity which can cause threats like deformation of design, cracking of ground and damage to buildings and other manmade structures.2.2.3 Manmade Earthquake (Explosion, Collapse, Boring earth)2.3 General Impacts of earthquake2.3 Chapter Discussion and finales3 Resilience of Buildings3.1 Introduction3.2 assessment of Building3.3 Resilience to Structural Components of a Building3.4 Improvisation in a Building3.5 Chapter Discussions and Conclusions4. Earthquake Hazard in India4.1 IntroductionIndia is the seventh largest rural knowledge domain in the world covering the plain of about 3,287,240Km2 (Approx.) wit h the population of about 1.1 billion and it has a large area of its land which are likely to be affected by wide range of probable utmost unstable intensities. In the past 100 years the country was affected by galore(postnominal) earthquakes in different parts, which were responsible for the loss of many lives, buildings and other man-made structures. Among the number of earthquakes that affected the country, the shallow earthquake had a order of order of magnitude of M=5.0 or more on the Richter scale, and the catastrophic earthquake that has occurred in the past had a magnitude of M=8.0 or more which struck in the areas like Kutch, Andaman Island and at any rate the Himalayas.This chapter discusses about damaging earthquakes that occurred in India and the main unstable percentages in India. The different seismic regions are explained by illustrating the past earthquakes that occurred and its impact in the society.4.2 Earthquake occurrences in India and the NeighborhoodIn th e past 100 hundred years India has suffered four great earthquakes of magnitude 8.5 or more and imposing many causalities and economic loss. The earthquake which had the largest magnitude in India was recorded as M=8.7 which had its epicenter in Shillong plateau that took place in the year 1897. The other notable earthquake to reference is earthquake that took place in Sadiya region with a magnitude of M=8.6 which was so powerful that it even changed the courses of the rivers and disturbed the ground level. The below table 1 shows the list of damaging earthquakes that has occurred in India. It gives general information about the earthquake like the affected area of the earthquake, date and time of earthquake, affected areas location in latitude and longitude, magnitude of the earthquake and the number of deaths.Date(ddmmyyyy)AreaTime in ISTLatitude in DegreesLongitude in DegreesMagnitudeMDeaths(Approximate value)16.01.1819Gujarat (Kutch)Mid iniquity8.0150026.08.1833Bihar-Nepal27.58 6.57.7150012.06.1897Assam (Shillong)163625.991.08.7160008.02.1900Kerala (Palghat)031110.776.76.0Nil04.04.1905Himachal Pradesh (Kangra)062032.576.58.02000003.07.1930Assam (Dhubri)023325.890.27.1Many15.01.1934Bihar-Nepal141326.686.88.31400026.05.1941Andaman12.492.58Many23.10.1943Assam225326.894.07.215-08-1950Assam193928.796.68.6150021.07.1956Gujarat (Anjar)210223.370.07.011528.10.1958Uttar Pradesh (Kapkote)30.080.06.3Many27.08.1960Delhi212828.377.46.002.09.1963Kashmir (Badgam)070433.974.75.5In Hundreds27.07.1966Western Nepal29.581.06.315.08.1966Uttar Pradesh(Moradabad)28.079.05.302.07.1967Nicobar9.093.46.211.12.1967Maharashtra (Koyna)042117.473.76.520013.04.1970Andhra Pradesh (Bhadra-chalam)17.680.66.523.03.1970Gujarat (Broach)072321.772.95.73019.01.1975Himachal Pradesh32.578.46.521.08.1988Bihar Nepal043926.7686.626.6100320.10.1991Uttar Pradesh (Uttar Kashi)025330.7578.866.671530.09.1993Maharashtra (Killari)035518.0776.626.3792822.05.1997Madhya Pradesh (Jabalpur)042323.180.16.03829.0 5.1999Uttar Pradesh (Chamoli)003530.379.566.56326.01.2001Gujarat (Kachchh or Bhuj)084623.669.87.71380508.10.2005Jammu Kashmir (Kashmir)092034.573.67.6India-1400Pakistan occupied Kashmir (POK)-73726Table 1- Some Better Known damaging Earthquakes in India IITK, book4.3 Main unstable RegionsThe main seismic regions in India are divided into 7 seismic regions they areKashmir and Western HimalayasCentral Himalayas (including Nepal Himalayas)Northeast IndiaIndo-Gangetic handbasin and RajasthanCambay and the Rann of KutchPeninsular IndiaAndaman and Nicobar islands.These seismic regions are summarized below(1) Kashmir and Western HimalayasThis region covers the states of Jammu Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and sub band parts of Punjab. This area has suffered a history of 180 earthquakes of magnitude M=5 or more. Kangra earthquake of April 4, 1905 had a utmost intensities of magnitude M=8.0, and it caused a large scale destruction in the area and resulted in loss of 20,000 lives, which are primarily due to the collapse of structures made of brick, stone and earthen materials. Other notable damaging earthquakes in this region are the Budgam earthquake of September 2, 1963, Anantnag earthquake of February 20, 1987, Dharmshala earthquake of April 26, 1986 and Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005. During the Kashmir earthquake more than 75,000 lives are lost due to the collapse of stone buildings.(2) Central HimalayasThis region covers the mountain and sub mountain regions of Uttar Pradesh, sub mountain regions of Bihar and Nepal. This area has experienced more than 135 earthquakes of magnitude M=5 or more and they are mostly occurred in the eastern and western parts. The eastern side of this region has experienced a very uplifted seismicity and the earthquake to mention in this region is Bihar-Nepal earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 which had a magnitude of M= 8.4 and destroyed thousands of homes and 13,000 people were killed in this earthquake. The western sid e of this region has experienced earthquakes of magnitude from M=6 and the maximum magnitude of M=7.5 was recorded during the Dharchula earthquake in 1916. The central side of this area has not experienced any earthquakes. The most recent earthquake occurred in the central Himalaya is on August 20, 1988 with the magnitude of M=6.7 and it affected northern parts of Bihar and eastern Nepal.(3) North East IndiaThis region covers the entire Indian Territory to the east of north Bengal. This seismic region is comprises of the neighboring countries like Myanmar (Burma) and Bhutan. This region is one of the most severe seismic regions in the world, which has a history of experiencing 520 earthquakes of magnitude M=5, among which 24 earthquakes had magnitude of M=7 or more. The largest earthquake in this region is Assam earthquake of 1897 which had a magnitude of M=8.7 and is the largest earthquake ever recorded in this region. The other earthquake which has similar magnitude to Assam earth quake is the Sadiya earthquake of 1950 which had a magnitude of M=8.6. It is the only earthquake which has been rarely repeated in the world. As these earthquakes had a high magnitude it resulted in change of topographical levels, but the economic loss and loss of life was less as the population in 1897 was less and in 1950 the earthquake occurred in a less populated area. Other reasons for reduced damage of these earthquakes is that the type of construction in Assam was different to the present situation, construction during that stage had a practice of using bamboo posts and Ekra (Wattle and Daub) walling was light and strong which remained undamaged during these earthquakes. The present type of construction is different from the traditional Assam type construction, where the construction materials are changed bamboo and Ekra to bricks and stones, non-engineered buildings start increased with the increase in population. As a result there is a possibility for more damages to life and property during future earthquakes.(4) Indo Gangetic Basin and RajasthanThis region covers Rajasthan, Haryana, plains of Punjab, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Bengal situated to north of the Vindhyas. This area has suffered from 110 earthquakes of magnitude of M=5 or greater are known to occur in this region. close to of the seismic activities have occurred on the Moradabad faults, Lucknow, Patna faults and the Sohna fault near Delhi. The maximum seismic activity occurred in this area is recorded as M=6.7, which shows that this is a condition to minor seismic zone.(5) Cambay and the Rann of KutchThis region is comparatively smaller than the other regions separate here, but this region has suffered from one of the worst earthquakes in India. This region has suffered from 20 earthquakes of minimum magnitude as M=5.0 and two other earthquakes of magnitude M= 7.0 and M=8.0 this earthquake occurred in Rann of Kutch in the year 1819 by killing 2000 people and destroying the town of Bhu j. Similarly the city of Anjar was also destroyed by an earthquake in 1956. But the most destructive earthquake of this area is the recent Kachchh earthquake in January 26, 2001, which had a magnitude of M=7.7 and it resulted in the loss of 14,000 people, destroying about 230,000 buildings and damaging more than 800,000 buildings. Many reinforced concrete spue buildings were destroyed due to the impact of this earthquake. The main reason for the break-danceure of these buildings is due to bad design and construction practice. This region is considered to be severe to moderate seismic region.(6) Peninsular India and Lakshadweep islandsThis region is more stable compared to other region as this region is a pre Cambrian shield and it does not have any adjoining plate boundaries. The type earthquakes occurred here are Intra plate earthquake. This region has experienced 32 earthquakes with average magnitude M= 5.0 and maximum magnitude of M=6.5. The maximum magnitude was recorded duri ng the Koyna earthquake of 1967. Most destroying earthquake in this region is the Marathwada earthquake of M=6.4 occurred in the year 1993 which took the lives of 8000 people. As this region has experienced very less seismic activity, this area is considered to be less to moderate seismic region.(7) The Andaman Nicobar IslandThis region is highly seismic and has suffered from 190 earthquakes with average magnitude of M=5.0 and the maximum magnitude of M=8.1. The giant earthquake of M=8.1 occurred in the year 1941 and caused severe damages to the main town of Port Blair by damaging the civilised and military installations. This area was indirectly affected during the Sumatra earthquake on December 24, 2004 which had a magnitude of M=9.3 and was the cause for the tsunami. The use of unreinforced masonry in this area is increase with the rise in population, from which it is evident that the risk of more damages in the future events.4.4 The Seismic Hazard Zoning routineThe seismic zo ning represent of India has been standardized by the Bureau of Indian Standards which is given in the earthquake design resistant code of India (IS 1893-Part 1, 2002, fig 2). According to this seismic zoning function, the seismic zones have been revised from its previous map which had 5 or 6 zones to 4 zones based on the records of seismic activity in India. The 4 seismic zones are classified on the expected probable intensities on 12 point Modified Mercalli intensity scale or Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale (MSK). The four seismic zones are zone 2, 3, 4 and 5. The seismic zoning map of India is given below which shows the different seismic zones in India. Jalandhar, bookFigure Seismic Zoning Map of IndiaImage Courtesy http//www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/images/zone_map.jpgZone 2This zone has the least amount of seismic activity experienced in India and this zone is classified as the embarrassed Damage Risk Zone. This zone is expected to have probable occurrence of MSK VI or less. The even ground acceleration in this zone is 0.1 g, and this chemical element is considered by the Engineers in the morphological designing of earthquake resistant structures. Zone 2 seismic area in India is less compared to other zones. Jalandhar, relief, seismo, bookZone 3This zone has moderate amount of seismicity and this zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone. This zone is expected to have probable occurrence of MSK VII. The horizontal ground acceleration in this zone is 0.16 g or 10-20 % of gravitational acceleration. This zone covers the cities like Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Surat, Mumbai, Agra, Bhiwandi, Nasik, Kanpur Pune, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Asansol, Kochi Kolkata, Varanasi, Bareilly, Lucknow, Indore, Jabalpur, Vijayawada, Dhanbad, Chennai, Coimbatore, Mangalore, Kozhikode, Trivandrum, and Andaman Nicobar islands. Jalandhar, relief, seismo, bookZone 4This zone has high seismicity and this zone is classified as higher(prenominal) Damage Risk Zone. T his zone is expected to have probable occurrence of MSK VIII. The horizontal ground acceleration in this zone is 0.24 g or 20-30% of gravitational acceleration. This zone This zone covers the cities like Dehradun, New Delhi, Yamuna Nagar, Patna, Meerut, Jammu, Amritsar, and Jalandhar. Jalandhar, relief, seismo, bookZone 5This zone has highest seismicity in India and this zone is classified as Very High Damage Risk Zone. This zone is expected to have probable occurrence of MSK IX or more. In this zone the area which has trap or basaltic rock are more prone to earthquakes. The horizontal ground acceleration in this zone is 0.36 or 30-40 % of gravitational acceleration and this is the peak value of gravitational attraction that is experienced during a Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE). This covers cities like Guwahati and Srinagar. Punjab, Kashmir, western Himalayas, central Himalayas, Northeast India and Rann of Kutch also fall in this zone. Jalandhar, relief, seismo, bookSeismicity Map of IndiaSeismicity map gives the relative frequency and distribution of earthquakes in a given zone. Below is the seismicity map of India, it clear shows the distribution of earthquakes in India and the neighborhood countries. The green stars represents the areas which has suffered from earthquakes of magnitude M=5.0 to 5.9, blue stars represent the areas which has suffered from earthquakes of magnitude of M=6.0 to 6.9, pink stars represent the areas which has suffered from earthquakes of magnitude M= 7.0 to 7.9, red stars represent the areas which had suffered from earthquakes of magnitude M= 8.0 to 8.9., and yellow stars represent the areas suffered from earthquakes of magnitude M= 9.0 or above.CUsersSalahudeenDesktopseismicity_map.jpgFigure Seismicity Map of India http//www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/images/seismicity_map.jpg4.5 Damaging Effects of EarthquakeEarthquakes can cause damage to the society and indirectly affect the providence of the country. Earthquakes are the greates t destroyers of man-made structures like buildings, power plants, bridges, dams etc Generally when a person thinks about the effects of an earthquake, ground shaking comes to a persons mind, but ground shaking is not the only effects of an earthquake there are possibilities for other natural hazards like landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis. These hazards are directly related to earthquake, as they are caused due to direct impact of an earthquake. Other possible hazards are cracking of dam walls which can cause leakage of water and causing flood, falling of electricity poles can cause live wires to be exposed and can trigger a plague, damage of underground gas pipelines and can trigger a fire, damage of underground water pipelines this could be difficult in case of controlling fire. UWIE seismicSome of the possible damaging effects of an earthquake are shown in the flow sheet below (fig 3). An earthquake can cause two events like surface rupture or seismic waftures. The surfa ce of the earth ruptures during an earthquake, which shifts the surface and causes the building to collapse, resulting in personal injury or loss of life and loss of properties. If the surface rupture takes place in the marine it produces a sea wave/tsunami and can cause flooding in the nearby coastal areas. Seismic waves created as a result of earthquake causes the surface of earth to shift. place shifts can go away to dynamic settlement of rock wedge or soil liquefaction and cause damages to manmade structures. Surface shifts can cause slope movements on the path of river and creating a barrier to form a natural dam and cause flooding in the nearby area. Surface shifts can directly affect the buildings and structures and cause fire or flood. It is clear that earthquake does not kill people, other events which are triggered due to earthquake only kills, so measures should be taken to withstand or overcome the following events of an earthquake. BookTidal Waves or TsunamiFigure 3 Flow chart of damaging effects of an earthquake bookImpact on Man/ companionshipPersonal injuryLoss of belongingsPsychological effectsSociological effectsOverall earthquake effectsFloodsNon Structural DamageCollapse of structural components / fire/ flood (e.g. by dam break)Damage to building structuresNatural river DammingDamage to building structuresSlope MovementPrimary effectsNear Surface put forwardNear Surface ShiftDynamic Settlement, Soil LiquefactionCoastal FloodsDamage to building structuresNear Surface ShiftNear Surface ShiftNear Surface ShiftSeismic WavesSurface RuptureEarthquake of Magnitude M = 5- 8.7Geologic effects of Ground ShakingDuring an earthquake a person can observe the shaking of the ground, the shaking duration depends on the size of the earthquake i.e. its magnitude, distance from epicenter, amplitude, location and its regional geology. Shaking of ground can cause the structure to collapse, shaking of ground also depends on the type of soil, if the soil is soft and loose the shaking will be more, (see fig.4) if the soil is tight fitting and compactly packed the shaking will be less. It is important to make sure that the structures are built on hard ground or on the hard rock. If there is a need to build structure on the soft surface, it has to be compacted before constructing. The epicenter of an earthquake also depends on the duration of shaking, nearer the epicenter more the duration of shaking. Ground shaking also depends on the amplitude amplitude will be high with increase in the size of the earthquake. GeologyCUsersSalahudeenDesktopCapture3.JPGFigure Regional Geology of Shaking geologyFigure LandslidesLandslides and liquefactionCUsersSalahudeenDesktoplandslide.JPGLandslides are defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth heap a slope due to gravity, they can occur on any terrain with suitable conditions of soil, moisture, and the angle of slope. Landslides can be triggered by rains, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes , and other man made causes like grading, terrain cutting and filling etc Manmade structures are not the only affected due to stress of the seismic waves, natural structures like mountain slopes and hillsides also fail due to the stress of the seismic waves. In India the most vulnerable regions for landslides are Himalayas and Western Ghats. Landslides 1, 2In the below fig.5 is a graph showing the cumulative number of fatalities since September 2002 in India and China. The number of deaths caused due to the earthquake induced landslides is clearly shown which approximates 40,000 fatalities during both the Kashmir earthquake and Wenchuan earthquake. LandslidesTsunamisFigure Tsunami InitiationTsunami is a Japanese term that means view as wave, they are generally confused with tidal waves but they both are different. Tsunamis are caused by a sudden vertical offset in the ocean floor triggered by underwater earthquakes, undersea landslides and undersea volcanic deformation. The sudden offset of the ocean floor changes the elevation of the ocean and initiates a water wave that travels outward from the region of sea-floor disruption which is shown in fig 6.CUsersSalahudeenDesktoptsu 3.pngIn 26 December, 2004, a tsunami wave hit the countries situated around the Bay of Bengal. The tsunami wave was triggered by an earthquake of magnitude M=8.9 which had its epicenter in the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. The damage of this tsunami in India almost affected 876 villages in south India with an area of 4000 hectares and it affected population of 3.5 million. TsunamiIt is clear that the number of people died as a result of an earthquake is less when compared to the deaths caused by the triggering events following an earthquake.4.6 Earthquake Prediction4.7 Earthquake Hazard risk to Urban Areas4.8 Chapter Discussions and Conclusions5. Earthquake Resistant Structure5.1 Introduction5.2 Classification of Seismic Designs5.3 Comparison of Seismic practices in India and Abro ad5.4 Chapter Discussion and Conclusion6. Case Study Bhuj Earthquake6.1 Introduction and Methodology6.1.1Case Study as Research Methodology6.1.2 Case Study Design6.2 Damage Assessment6.3 Factors influenced the earthquake damage6.3.1 Type of Building Construction6.3.2Quality of materials6.3.3 Liquefaction6.4 Chapter Discussion and Conclusion7. Discussions8. Conclusion

Sherman Act And The Antitrust Movement Politics Essay

Sherman chip And The antimonopoly Movement Politics EssayThere ar three main sections/provisions under the Sherman Anti arrogance bear. The firstborn section prohibits unique(predicate) anticompetitive conduct like the establishment of a monopoly. The second section prohibits deals that charter the ending results that are anticompetitive in nature. These move be combinations in forms of trusts that lead to restraint of trade or transaction. The third section extends the provisions of the first section into US territories and Washington DC and it also states that volume who are go against by a backup that breaks this act are eligible to sue for damages (threefold). The purpose of the act was to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially suffering tilt, such as monopolies. The Act is non clear beca design a trust is an older form of contract whereby one party entrusted another with its property. This did not underwrite the owning of stock in another comp either. The courts also would put their own words into the act that the telling did not actually write into the Act. There was too rattling much room for interpretation of the act which made it inconsistent and not very efficient.The Sherman Antitrust Act was able to pass with only one dissenting ballot sluice though the social intercourse was mostly comprised of Republicans. I believe it passed because the Congress realized what the snowball-effect of a monopolistic economy would convey on everyone, especially consumers. Congress k new-fangled that if trusts continued a huge gap between the poor and the rich would develop. The monopolies could charge any legal injury they wanted to and populate would develop to pay it. The Congress realized this and knew competition increases the quality of goods which would help the U.S. compete with companies outside the U.S. because the global grocery was forming during this time. The Congress knew that monopolies would stunt the ex pansion and growth of American industry and technology, which would hurt the U.S. against other countries. The nations view of antitrust regulation was that it would benefit all consumers because competition allows for better products and increased development. Businesses could not have a very big grocery share because that diminishes the ability of a new little business to enter the grocery and bring new ideas to the market. The nation and consumers want thither to be competition because this lowers prices while quality of goods increases. It is a win-win bewilderuation for consumers and the American people. The liability of the creation of a monopoly should be the responsibility of the monopoly. The monopoly is creating the unfair trade and is able to control the price of goods. The consumers are the ones who are hurt in the end because of the monopolies.What was Roosevelts psychoanalysis of the trust hassle? What role should political sympathies play in resolving this prob lem and why? How should it do this? What should it not do?Roosevelt became president in 1901 and had a plan that was between the Republican Laissez Faire policies and the Socialist policies. Roosevelt was able to gain the respect of the public, even though they didnt want big government, because the trusts were growing in numbers and strength. Roosevelt never opposed giant corporations because of their sheer size though. He believed that big corporations were more efficient than smaller ones, but believed that competition among these big corporations in the same field would be dangers and wasteful. Roosevelt felt that these large companies should be allowed to combine and cooperate, but they should not be allowed to use their size or power to oppress smaller producers and consumers. Roosevelt wanted to neutralize the power of the great corporations and he corroborateed measures to extend the control of the federal government over the national economy. Roosevelt supported the creat ion of the Bureau of Corporations (1903), which investigated business practices of corporations and other businesses. Roosevelt argued that only an acting and strong government could bring control to big business and in that respect should be different standards for bad trusts and good trusts.I believe government need to dumbfound big businesses like Roosevelt. A business should be able to be as big as it wants with acquisitions and mergers but it should not be able to control 100% of the market. If a company controlled the whole market then it would continue every consumer, probably in a negative way. The government needs to protect the consumer and put down rules that do allow a company to take on very big but not own 100% of the market and have extreme price power. There needs to be at least a little bit of competition to give the consumers a better product, being price and quality, through competition. The government should not communicate control of big businesses once the y acquire a large market stake through success because a company should not be penalise for that. If though, the company raises its prices without designer or for no reason lowers its prices into an area of net loss to reduce competition or entry into the field they should be punished.How would you specify the rule of reason and the dissenting aspect? What do you think has been the impact of this ruling?Chief Justice Edward D. White proposed the rule of reason in the hackneyed Oil Case of 1911. It was difficult to solve by proof whether the particular contracts, combinations, or trusts involved in each case is or is not a unreasonable or undue restraint of trade. The rule of reason is a circumstance test asking whether the challenged practice promotes or suppresses market competition. The rule of reason states that only combinations and contracts that are unreasonably restraining trade are subject to actions under the antitrust integritys and the possession of a monopoly is no t inherently illegal. A dissenting opinion is when one or more justices dis run with the majority of the Supreme Court. Usually the justice writes an opinion of why they disagree with the majority last. The dissenting opinion is utilise to get the public attention and get the public to also disagree with the majority opinion. In the end, the dissenting judge hopes that the Court will reconsider its decision and overturn it. I would then characterize these two to be amendments to the antitrust laws that were already in the forms of acts. The dissenting opinion lets a judge get there opinion out to the public and helps the public more of decide what is right and what is wrong in a judicial case, even if the case does not get overlooked again.I believe the rule of reason does not add that much to the antitrust laws. I believe it lets there be more interpretation and this would then differ from judge to judge. Along with that I believe judges should be able to go against the majority ruling and show their opinion and support it with facts. The public needs to know both sides and they then can decide on their own. The majority decision is not always correct so by there being dissenting opinions more people hopefully will see the correct side and the court could then overturn the result.How did Wilson view the problem of big business and antitrust? What role did he see for government and why? What did he see as the limits to involvement by the government?Wilson was even more outspoken against the trusts than Roosevelt. Unlike Roosevelt, Wilson did not believe in government regulation of big businesses. Wilson wanted to use the antitrust laws to break up monopolies to revitalize competition, make businesses more efficient, and create a new type of individualism that had before made America a powerful nation. Wilson said, If monopoly persists, monopoly will always sit at the helm of government. I do not expect monopoly to restrain itself. If there are men in this c ountry big enough to own the government of the U.S., they are going to own it. Wilson also said that monopolies are not inevitable and if they were, then the government would have to take hold of monopolies and regulate them. Monopolies, not being inevitable, then there have to be laws to break them up and prevent them from forming again. Wilson does not believe that these big combinations are inevitable and says he can prove they are not by the process of how they were started. Wilsons believes that it was the old form of competition that enabled these men to create their monopolies, so there has to be new systems conventional to stop it from happening again. Wilson believed that the government may not be able to control monopolies but can regulate competition. It is a criminal law of the U.S. for a company to go into a community and sell below cost for no other purpose than to squeeze out a competitor. Also, downstairs Wilsons administration the Federal Trade Commission and the C layton Antitrust Act were passed in 1914. Both of these new developments greatly strengthened the ability of the government to control corporations. The Clayton Antitrust Act made it illegal for directors of one corporation to be directors of another corporation in the same field which reduced the ability for trusts to be created.What was Debs analysis of the problem of big business? What role did he see for government in regulating big business and why? As a Socialist, what did he suggest should be the workers view of antitrust and regulation? How do you think he, as a Socialist, viewed big business and bigness, per se?Eugene Debs believed that big business took forward from the work of the working class. Debs believed that the workers should own and control their own jobs and not be at the mercy of the big businesses. Debs said that big business controlled the work purlieu and destroyed advances and innovations that would help the workers. Debs wanted people to think the only w ay to overcome big business and the capitalist class was to overthrow it. Debs had a very strong belief in unions and the power of the workers also. When the owners of the trust finance a party to put themselves out of business when they turn over their wealth to the people from whom they stole it and go to work for a living, it will be time enough to consider the merits of the Roosevelt Progressive Party explained Debs, that only when big business was destroyed would be the time for a progressive party. Debs did not really want the government to regulate big business he wanted the unions/workers to regulate the businesses they were a part of, so the power would be with the unions. He wanted the workers to get past big business and form unions to take control.Being a socialist, Debs would agree with how socialism is an attempt to bring social organization, especially in the form of unions. From this social organization comes a new level of technology and progress which can then be f ully taken advantage of. Capitalism and big business concentrates power and wealth within small segments of society that controls the means of end product and derives its wealth through a system of exploitation, under the socialist point of view. Socialists do not want big business because power is located narrowly and the workers are more like slaves.What is the role of the Federal Trade Commission? What powers does it have that are new for antitrust law? How does it resolve some of the problems of Sherman Act antitrust activity? What is required to make it work? How did the Clayton Antitrust Act affect the enforcement of the Sherman Act?The Federal Trade Commission is an independent agency of the U.S. realised in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. The mission of the commission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of harmfully anti-competitive business practices such as monopolies. The Federal Trade Commission had the power to investig ate and prevent deceptive trade practices. If there were unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce and unfair or deceptive acts affecting commerce they were illegal. This commission helps solve some of the ambiguous content that was in the Sherman Antitrust Act. Now the commission has the specific reason to act on anyone who is affecting the consumers or commerce. For the act to work, it is necessary for a company to be doing something inherently anti-competitive. This can also be understand so there is again misinterpretation. The company does not have to be a monopoly for this act to affect the company also.The Clayton Act was established in 1914 and it was established to prevent anti-competitive practices in the start up or line of anti-competition. There are four principle changes that affect the Sherman Antitrust Act from the Clayton Act. The first, price contrariety between different purchasers, if discrimination substantially lessens competition or tends to cr eate a monopoly, is illegal. The second, sales where the buyer cannot go to different suppliers or where competition is lessened, is illegal. The third, mergers and acquisitions where the affect may substantially lessen competition is illegal. The Clayton Act also allows greater regulation of mergers since it does not require a merger-to-monopoly before a violation. The fourth is that any person cannot be the director of two or more competing corporations. The Clayton Act helped strengthen what was written in the Sherman Antitrust Act with these provisions.Why were there so few convictions under the Sherman Act early on? What changed and why? What types of firms/industries were charged during the 1920s? Why has the prosecution of antitrust violations ebbed and flowed in American history since the beginning of the twentieth century?At first, there were not many convictions under the Sherman Antitrust Act. This is because there was a very loose interpretation of the Act and the Act wa s not very clear. The Act, only being a few paragraphs, let there be a lot of room for the monopolies and corporations to interpret and present what they delimitate the rule/Act as. There were few convictions also because of the intense political pressure from the trusts and with the loose wording of the Act. The trusts pointed out that the Sherman Antitrust Act failed to define such key terms as combination, conspiracy, monopoly and trusts. Also, there was narrow judicial interpretation as to what constituted trade or commerce among the states.Five years after its passage, the Supreme Court in effect reduced the Sherman Antitrust Act in the US vs. EC Knight Company in 1895. The Court control that the company had not violated the Act despite the fact that it controlled approximately 98% of the whole market place for that sugar industry. The court explained that the companys control of manufacturing did not constitute control of trade. The standard that emerged from this decision a pplied a two part test to determine if a company was set up to have monopoly power. First, the company must possess monopoly power in its market and second, it must have improperly used acts to gain power or protect their power as a monopoly.In 1920, the US Supreme Court relaxed antitrust regulations so that only unreasonable restraint of trade through acquisitions, mergers, and edacious pricing constituted a violation. Under Herbert Hoover in the 1920s, the government promoted business corporations and this continued with Calvin Coolidge who had a hands-off policy towards businesses. In the 1920s the companies that were charged were not just companies that were massive it was mostly smaller businesses that were charged. Throughout history the Sherman Antitrust Act kept getting redone with the new acts and commissions that backed up and helped find trust companies. The prosecutions of new companies was able to flow because of these new acts that came about to revise the original Sh erman Antitrust Act. When people had been able to find holes in the Sherman Antitrust Acts, these new Acts were there to help patch up those holes and let the process of trust busting continue.Looking at the case against Microsoft, has the efficacy of antitrust law been reduced?In the unify States vs. Microsoft case Microsoft was being accused of abusing monopoly power on Intel based computers in its use of the Windows OS and web browser integration. The issue was whether Microsoft was allowed to bundle Internet venturer browser with its Windows OS. Microsoft stated that the merging of the two was the result of innovation and competition and that the two were the same product. In the final settlement, Microsoft had to prevent from engaging in predatory behavior or other acts that might diminish the ability for another product to enter the market.I do believe the efficacy of the Act has been reduced, I believe it is less trusted now. With this case the government got into the regul ation of computer technology which could hinder the progress as a result and many people do not like the idea of a big government. In this case Microsoft was said to just get a slap on the wrist joint because they were not really punished. I believe they did not do anything wrong, Internet Explorer was part of the Windows OS and people who bought the OS were expecting to have a browser packaged with it. There would be no point for Microsoft to put a third party browser on their Windows OS because they built it. The OS is theirs and they have full rights to whatever goes into the OS and, therefore they should be allowed to put their own browser integrated into the software. I believe the antitrust law needs to be redefined and the old law is looked down upon because it can be interpreted in various ways.How did the success of antitrust law after 1900 affect the growth of oligopolies in the economy?Growth of oligopolies was greatly diminished because acquisitions and mergers of small er companies into bigger ones were reduced because of the laws. US Steel in 1901 had 62% of the market share and then in 1920 it only had 40% of the market share. The American Can Company in 1901 had 90% of the market share and by 1912 it was significantly reduced to 50% of the market share. Even though this is just showing one company from an industry it still shows that the laws were effective in breaking the companies down into smaller companies. These laws helped reduce the amount of oligopolies being constructed the same way it broke down monopolies and other oligopolies. The laws have diminished the amount of trusts between companies but there are still companies at once that try to get around them. There are many companies who have been convicted of price fixing with their competitors to reach a higher level of market price, which in turn hurts the consumers. For example, Dow Chemical, Dupont, and Bayer, the biggest companies in the chemical industry, were price fixing in th e early 21st century and there are still premonitions that they are still doing it today. The Acts have diminished the growth of oligopolies but then again people always will try to get around the law to increase their benefits.

Father and Son by Bernard MacLaverty Essay example -- English Literatu

Father and Son By Bernard MacLaverty Father and Son is a story about the relationship between a widowman father and his teenage discussion.Father and SonFather and Son is a story about the relationship between a widowerfather and his teenage son. They live in Belfast, in a neighbourhoodwith a lot of violence. At night they can hear the sound of ambulancescriss-crosses the dark. two the son and the father are scared tosleep at night, but the son will not admit his fears to his father.The father is concerned for his sons life. They used to have a goodrelationship. They went fishing, talked and laughed, and the fathercould put his arms around his son. But two years before this storytakes place the son went to London and got mixed up with drug addicts.His father had t...

paganbeo Pagan and Heathen Elements in Beowulf Essays -- Epic Beowulf

Pagan/Heathen Elements in Beowulf In Beowulf the pagan element, which coexists alongside the Christian, sometimes in a seemingly confounding fashion, is many faceted. Certainly the pagan element seems to be too deeply interwoven in the text of Beowulf for us to suppose that it is due to additions made by scribes. While the poets reflections and characters statements are mostly Christian, the customs and ceremonies, on the other hand, are almost entirely non-Jew/pagan. This fact seems to point to a heathen work which has undergone revision by Christian minstrels. The poets heroic age is full of men both emphatically pagan and exceptionally good, men who reckon in a God whom they thank at every imaginable opportunity. Yet they perform all the pagan rites known to Tacitua, and are not Christian (Frank 52). One of the foremost pagan practices in Beowulf is the burial rite of cremation. In the narrative after the conquest of Grendel, a gleeman sings the Finnsburh Episode, the story of a Danish peaceweaver who disconnected husband, brother and son in the feud. Once the tribes agreed to peace Then Hildeburh ordered her own dead son placed on the pyre beside his uncle Hnaef, their bone-cases burned, minded(p) full fire-burial. Beside them both the noblewoman wept, mourned with songs. The warrior rose up the mighty death-fire spiraled to heaven, thundered sooner the mound. Their heads melted, their gashes spread open, the blood shot out of the bodys f... ...ons, edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 190721 New York Bartleby.com, 2000 The poet mentions pagan error, briefly and in passing (175-88), before depicting noble pagan monotheists for some 3000 lines (Frank 58). SECONDARY BIBLIOGRAPHY Frank, Roberta. The Beowulf Poets Sense of History. In Beowulf Modern Critical Interpret ations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Robinson, Fred C.. Apposed intelligence service Meanings and Religious Perspectives. In Modern Critical Interpretations Beowulf, edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.

The Physics of the High Jump Essay -- Science Essays

The physics of the High JumpThe earthly concern consists of many phenomena. Some of them are mysteries to us as human beings, while many others can be explained. Progressively over the centuries, science has helped us to better understand the spectacular amours that physically affect the human race and the earth. Almost every single thing that deals with the physical aspect of our existence can now be explained through physics, which in turn helps us to better understand our surrounding environment. Where I keep back always been involved in larks, I am very interested in the specific physics that each sport consists of. One such sport that fascinates me is the high jump, and for this reason I am going to delve into the physics of the high jump and break it down to explain the different laws and physics that sweep up it. The high jump can be broken down into three stages the fade up phase or approach, the take off phase, and the flight or bar clearance phase. By arrest these th ree stages and the different laws of physics that make them up, one will have a much greater understanding of the high jump and its mechanics. In order to begin this analysis, I need to start with the very first stage of the high jump, which is the approach or authorise up phase.The run up phase begins with the jumper standing up vertically, in position to begin running, about ten strides away from the bar that is to be cleared. According to professors Jesus Dapena and Alexander P. Willmott of the department of Kinesiology, from Indiana University,the run-up serves as a preparation for the takeoff phase, the most important phase of the jump(2). The run up phase can be broken down into several parts. The first part of the run up phase generally follows a straight-... ... world that are associated with the high jump.The high jump may not be a spectacular phenomena or even a mystery to many people, besides it doesnt change the fact that it is governed by many principles of physics. By understanding the physics that make up the high jump, one can obtain a totally new understanding of the mechanics of this incredible sport, and in doing so can acquire an appreciation for the principles of physics that govern our earth and us as a human race. Works CitedDapena, Jesus, and Alexander P. Willmott. Scientific Services Project (USA Track & Field),HIGH JUMP 23 (Men) Research Report. Diss. Indiana University, 2002. Kirkpatrick, Larry D., and Gerald F. Wheeler. Fourth Edition Physics A World View. Fort Worth Harcourt College Publishers, 2001.Santos, Jim. Practical Coaching Techniques for the HIGH JUMP. Iowa Championship Books, 1981.

Twelve Hours Essay -- Papers

Twelve Hours 6.42 p.m. January 17th The doors signalled the end. They signalled the end of the journey, the end of the obsessive excuse qualification and theory-formulating process that had lead him here. It was these doors that told him it was over he had at once to face reality. He often considered them as the gates to hell, by the very nature of what goes on tail them. His hatred for the place ran deep it was a constant occurrence on his timeline that now rested at June 17th, 1989. 1989, he thought to himself. 2 years now this place had been part of his life. Two years of visits, crying and emotional breakd cause. Two years of constant fluctuations in his marital life that lead him to question his sanity. The refinement examination of the degree of sanity that he may possess that had brought him here thus far. Madness? He sometimes thought so. Now, yet again, the outlook was bleak. Was this a chapter in his life that was going to be closed here to night, on this very godforsaken night? So, here he was, in front of those doors again. I look back fondly. When life was to be lived and where death was something that never touched you or affected you in anyway. Death? Here, yet again I develop myself talking about death. Maybe its the nature of the situation that death is obviously the outcome. Have I a right to speak like this? No? I believe I have. Two years in the spectrum of life is a long time. Wars are fought in less time, friendships forged and relationships ruined. Two years ago, twain long years, which now I look back and try and gather some reason for the time I have spent savaged by my own emotions. Often it is the sun dappled path ... ...mself, question why he left it so late to tell the woman he loved good how much he loved her. The scene rests on the moment he laid himself over his wife. We sit still watching the quiet crying of a man in great pain. The memories he held of her would be with him forever. As the scene gently fades into obscurity and the colour is washed out into a grey wishful item a sense of calm quells up inside. The loss of human life means so much more than this sentence would suggest. No terminology can describe what emotions we have without someway distorting the truth and removing the uniqueness and individuality of the love. That is why I will not end this story with a habitual and mediocre ending, for it deserves so much more. That is why I will leave it up to you and let you decide an ending that is justified and meaningful to you.