The Physics of the High Jump Essay -- Science Essays

The physics of the High JumpThe earthly concern consists of many phenomena. Some of them are mysteries to us as human beings, while many others can be explained. Progressively over the centuries, science has helped us to better understand the spectacular amours that physically affect the human race and the earth. Almost every single thing that deals with the physical aspect of our existence can now be explained through physics, which in turn helps us to better understand our surrounding environment. Where I keep back always been involved in larks, I am very interested in the specific physics that each sport consists of. One such sport that fascinates me is the high jump, and for this reason I am going to delve into the physics of the high jump and break it down to explain the different laws and physics that sweep up it. The high jump can be broken down into three stages the fade up phase or approach, the take off phase, and the flight or bar clearance phase. By arrest these th ree stages and the different laws of physics that make them up, one will have a much greater understanding of the high jump and its mechanics. In order to begin this analysis, I need to start with the very first stage of the high jump, which is the approach or authorise up phase.The run up phase begins with the jumper standing up vertically, in position to begin running, about ten strides away from the bar that is to be cleared. According to professors Jesus Dapena and Alexander P. Willmott of the department of Kinesiology, from Indiana University,the run-up serves as a preparation for the takeoff phase, the most important phase of the jump(2). The run up phase can be broken down into several parts. The first part of the run up phase generally follows a straight-... ... world that are associated with the high jump.The high jump may not be a spectacular phenomena or even a mystery to many people, besides it doesnt change the fact that it is governed by many principles of physics. By understanding the physics that make up the high jump, one can obtain a totally new understanding of the mechanics of this incredible sport, and in doing so can acquire an appreciation for the principles of physics that govern our earth and us as a human race. Works CitedDapena, Jesus, and Alexander P. Willmott. Scientific Services Project (USA Track & Field),HIGH JUMP 23 (Men) Research Report. Diss. Indiana University, 2002. Kirkpatrick, Larry D., and Gerald F. Wheeler. Fourth Edition Physics A World View. Fort Worth Harcourt College Publishers, 2001.Santos, Jim. Practical Coaching Techniques for the HIGH JUMP. Iowa Championship Books, 1981.

Twelve Hours Essay -- Papers

Twelve Hours 6.42 p.m. January 17th The doors signalled the end. They signalled the end of the journey, the end of the obsessive excuse qualification and theory-formulating process that had lead him here. It was these doors that told him it was over he had at once to face reality. He often considered them as the gates to hell, by the very nature of what goes on tail them. His hatred for the place ran deep it was a constant occurrence on his timeline that now rested at June 17th, 1989. 1989, he thought to himself. 2 years now this place had been part of his life. Two years of visits, crying and emotional breakd cause. Two years of constant fluctuations in his marital life that lead him to question his sanity. The refinement examination of the degree of sanity that he may possess that had brought him here thus far. Madness? He sometimes thought so. Now, yet again, the outlook was bleak. Was this a chapter in his life that was going to be closed here to night, on this very godforsaken night? So, here he was, in front of those doors again. I look back fondly. When life was to be lived and where death was something that never touched you or affected you in anyway. Death? Here, yet again I develop myself talking about death. Maybe its the nature of the situation that death is obviously the outcome. Have I a right to speak like this? No? I believe I have. Two years in the spectrum of life is a long time. Wars are fought in less time, friendships forged and relationships ruined. Two years ago, twain long years, which now I look back and try and gather some reason for the time I have spent savaged by my own emotions. Often it is the sun dappled path ... ...mself, question why he left it so late to tell the woman he loved good how much he loved her. The scene rests on the moment he laid himself over his wife. We sit still watching the quiet crying of a man in great pain. The memories he held of her would be with him forever. As the scene gently fades into obscurity and the colour is washed out into a grey wishful item a sense of calm quells up inside. The loss of human life means so much more than this sentence would suggest. No terminology can describe what emotions we have without someway distorting the truth and removing the uniqueness and individuality of the love. That is why I will not end this story with a habitual and mediocre ending, for it deserves so much more. That is why I will leave it up to you and let you decide an ending that is justified and meaningful to you.

The Influence, And Views Of Netanyahu On The Middle East Peace Plan :: essays research papers

The Influence, and Views of Netanyahu On The Middle East Peace Plan     The middle east has many problems trying to obtain tranquillity between Israeland the Palestinians. The peace process started about four years ago with theMiddle East countries. Through the process many people father had major influenceon it. One person who might have one of the greatest influences of the peaceagreement is Israeli Prime Minster Benjamin Netanyahu. The peace agreement isthe biggest topic in the Middle East and he is at the head of one end. At theother end is another strong figure. The loss leader of the PLO (PalestinianLiberation Organization) is Yasir Arafat. In this report I will explain BenjaminNetanyahus position in Israel and how he has affected the peace plan. I will attest about his views on what is going on.     Benjamin Netanyahu lived in the unite States for a few years. Netanyahuwas a graduate of M.I.T. in 1975. Then he claimed duel citizens hip with theUnited States and Israel. Netanyahu did so because his mother was born in theUnited States. He was a well-paid analyst with the Boston Consulting group. Heleft working there and went back to Israel in 1978. When he went back to Israel,he was there for about six years when he became the embassador to the unitedstates for Israel. Later when he was an Israeli diplomat he renounced hisAmerican citizenship. In 1996 he became the Prime Minister of Israel. He now hasthe most influence from the Israeli side of things. Benjamin Netanyahu has donemany interviews and addresses with the American people. One such interview hedid to express his views was with Time Magazine. Time asked him if he were aPalestinian, how he would regard toward Netanyahu? He replies, "If I read thecontrolled Palestinian media, I would think that, as they call me, I am worsethan Hitler."(Beyer, 1996, p.38) They then asked him if a Palestinian could seeyou for what you really are what they would see. He replied to that by saying,"I think they would regard me as a person who believes deeply in the necessityof peace and that we dont have an anther partner other than the PalestinianAuthority. I think that any Palestinian mother reading this should understandthat I am as deeply conscious of her pain of losing her child as I am of aJewish mothers."(Beyer, 1996, p.38) Netanyahu goes on telling Time that he doesnot hate the man Arafat, but the two represent different perspectives andinterests.

Abortion Essay - The Church Was Pro-Choice -- Argumentative Persuasive

The Church Until Recently Was Pro-Choice From a sermon delivered on February 15, 1998 at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, by the Rev. Elaine Gallagher Gehrmann Most of us know that the Roman Catholic church teaches that life begins at conception, and yet most of us dont know that this is a relatively late change. It wasnt until 1869 that Pope Pius IX decreed that ensoulment takes place at conception. Up until then, the Catholic church had taught that life begins at 40 days gestation for a male person and 80 days for a female, and therefore abortions before those 40 or 80 day periods were not viewed as murder. (Gehrmann) The above claim that before 1869 the Catholic Church did not oppose abortion and the sometimes accompanying claim that Catholic theology held that the father provided the soul to the fetus are both false. Further, the allegation that the Catholic Church which has consistently opposed contraception would be indifferent to induced a bortion must be considered suspect on its face. By focal point of background St. Paul in his epistle to the Galatians uses the Greek word pharmakeia in condemning the effects of self-indulgence which can include abortion and other uses of drugs with magical or evil intent. The first recorded explicit Catholic opposition to abortion can be found in the Didache (written circa 80 AD). Though it was not include in the Canon of the Bible, the Didache condemned abortion as the way of death by men who are killers of children. The letter of Barnabas written around 140 AD alike condemned abortion Thou shalt not kill the fetus by an abortion or commit infanticide. (Jurgens) St. John Chrysostom, one of the Greek... ...omas. Treatise on Man. Summa Theologica. Question 90. Gehrmann, Elaine Gallagher. Sermon delivered on February 15, 1998 at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. http//www.rcrc.org/current/roevwade29.htm Jurgens, William A. The Faith of the Early Fathers. N.p. Liturgical Press, 1998. McHugh, John, O.P., and Charles J. Callahan, O.P. Translation and Notes -- Catechism of the Council of Trent for Parish Priests. 11th edition. New York Joseph F. Wagner, Inc., 1949. Noonan, John A. Jr. editor. The Morality of stillbirth Legal and Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press,1970. -- -- -- . Contraception A History of Its Treatment by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists. Cambridge, Massachusetts Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1966.

The Ancient Art of Feng Shui Essay -- History Research Papers China Es

The Ancient Art of Feng Shui The History of Feng ShuiFeng Shui has been practiced in china for thousands of years and is believed to have started in 2953 B.C. when Hu of Hsia found a tortoise that had a perfect magic squ ar on its back. From this discovery evolved the I Ching, the oldest defy in Chinese history, and possibly the world (Webster 1). This book contains the first written instructions on the theory of Feng Shui. Feng Shui was seen as a sacred power, so much so that in ancient China, only the inside class had access to the knowledge. There are even stories of members of the Imperial family who went out of their way to obscure the texts in order to prevent those who might be a threat to them from obtaining the sacred knowledge. The first Ming emperor even ordered that the country be flooded with books containing misleading theories and incorrect guidelines on Feng Shui (Too 2). When Chiang Kai Shek fled the mainland he took thousands of books on Feng Shui with him to ch inaware and used its principles in building a regime there. From there it traveled to Hong Kong and eventually to the Western World through Marco Polo (Cassidy). Modern Feng Shui is based on the commentaries from Wang Chi and other scholars from the Sung dynasty, 1126-960 B.C. (Webster 3). What is Feng Shui?Feng Shui is the ancient Chinese art of dungeon in musical harmony with nature and your surroundings, in order to maximize your health, prosperity and luck. It literally translates as wind and water and it involves the placement of buildings in relation to their surroundings, and the placement of furniture within the building in order to maximize the chi, the original energy get-go on the earth, from which everything else was created (Webster 4). As the dragon is seen as the most revered celestial creature of Chinese philosophy, chi has been called the breath of the dragon. Chi is an invisible energy that circulates end-to-end the world but also assemblys in certain areas. The basic idea of Feng Shui is to harness as much chi as possible by allowing it to gather where you are, whether it is in your home or in your office. Chi is the life force that is all living things, and can be found, in its perfection wherever things are done perfectly. An artist who creates a masterpiece is creating chi. Through Feng Shui, we are looking for places where chi is ac... ...ents and residential, family dwellings. It is the art of placement, a science and a philosophy that was meant to bring harmony through the observance of our environments and how the balance of the energies created can affect all the aspects of our lives. All we do is connected to Mother Earth and Chi, the Natural Order or zipper which permeates the universe (Feng Shui Innovations). Within the past ten years there has been an amazing amount of interest in this science in the western world as people, for various reasons, look for answers, and search for a way to be in harmony with the world. An ancient Chinese saying lists the five basic principles of successful living First comes destiny, and then comes luck. Third comes Feng Shui, and with that comes philanthropy and education (Webster 33). Works CitedCassidy, William L. www.qi-whiz.com.Feng Shui Innovations. www.fengshui-innovations.com.Feng Shui Society. www.fengshuisociety.org.uk/.Too, Lillian. Basic Feng Shui. Oriental Publications, Australia1997.Webster, Daniel. Feng Shui for Beginners. Llewellyn Publication, St. Paul1997.Xing, Wu. The Feng Shui Workbook. Tuttle Pub., Boston1998.

The Ancient Art of Feng Shui Essay -- History Research Papers China Es

The Ancient Art of Feng Shui The History of Feng ShuiFeng Shui has been practiced in chinaware for thousands of years and is believed to have started in 2953 B.C. when Hu of Hsia found a tortoise that had a perfect magic square on its back. From this discovery evolved the I Ching, the oldest book in Chinese history, and possibly the world (Webster 1). This book contains the first written instructions on the theory of Feng Shui. Feng Shui was seen as a sacred power, so much so that in ancient China, only the privileged class had access to the knowledge. There are even stories of members of the Imperial family who went out of their way to obscure the texts in order to proscribe those who might be a threat to them from obtaining the sacred knowledge. The first Ming emperor even ordered that the country be flooded with books containing misleading theories and incorrect guidelines on Feng Shui (Too 2). When Chiang Kai Shek fled the mainland he took thousands of books on Feng Shui with h im to Taiwan and used its principles in building a regime there. From there it traveled to Hong Kong and eventually to the Western World through Marco Polo (Cassidy). in advance(p) Feng Shui is based on the commentaries from Wang Chi and other scholars from the Sung dynasty, 1126-960 B.C. (Webster 3). What is Feng Shui?Feng Shui is the ancient Chinese art of living in harmony with nature and your surroundings, in order to maximise your health, prosperity and luck. It literally translates as wind and water and it involves the placement of buildings in relation to their surroundings, and the placement of furniture within the building in order to increase the chi, the original energy source on the earth, from which everything else was created (Webster 4). As the dragon is seen as the most revered celestial creature of Chinese philosophy, chi has been called the breath of the dragon. Chi is an invisible energy that circulates throughout the world but also gathers in certain areas. The basic idea of Feng Shui is to harness as much chi as possible by allowing it to gather where you are, whether it is in your home or in your office. Chi is the life force that is all living things, and can be found, in its perfection wherever things are done perfectly. An artist who creates a masterpiece is creating chi. Through Feng Shui, we are looking for places where chi is ac... ...ents and residential, family dwellings. It is the art of placement, a science and a philosophy that was meant to bring harmony through the observance of our environments and how the balance of the energies created can affect all the aspects of our lives. All we do is connected to Mother Earth and Chi, the immanent Order or Energy which permeates the universe (Feng Shui Innovations). Within the past ten years there has been an amazing amount of interest in this science in the western world as people, for various reasons, look for answers, and search for a way to be in harmony with the world. An ancient Chinese saying lists the vanadium basic principles of successful living First comes destiny, and then comes luck. Third comes Feng Shui, and with that comes philanthropy and education (Webster 33). Works CitedCassidy, William L. www.qi-whiz.com.Feng Shui Innovations. www.fengshui-innovations.com.Feng Shui Society. www.fengshuisociety.org.uk/.Too, Lillian. Basic Feng Shui. Oriental Publications, Australia1997.Webster, Daniel. Feng Shui for Beginners. Llewellyn Publication, St. Paul1997.Xing, Wu. The Feng Shui Workbook. Tuttle Pub., Boston1998.

Personal Life and Perfect Dream Vacation Essay

Almost everyone has their own idea of a dream vacation. Its the completed place to get remote from the reality of everyday life and the stress that goes along with it, and the choices and ideas of the perfect vacation argon as varied as the people who dream about them. nigh fantasize about lazing on a warm, sunny beach. Some dream of forests and wildlife, and fresh mountain. So what is my idea of the perfect dream vacation? Its simple. Its the place where on that point are no crowds, everything is familiar, the food is prepared to my specific taste, and the bed is my own.For me, there is no place like home. With a little fear and planning, even home can be turned in to a dream vacation get out-of-door. A leisurely breakfast is the perfect way to place each vacation day. A plate of fresh fruits, fluffy scrambled eggs, toast with butter, and a cup of hot coffee is sure to chase away that sleepy feeling and energize you for the day ahead. Maybe your favorite breakfast includes a b owl of cereal and a glass of orange juice, or a bagel with cream cheese and a cup of tea. Perhaps, while on vacation, you would like to try something new and different.Read more My dream vacation studyWhatever your choice, be sure to take the time to just enjoy it. Of course, no vacation would be complete without a little bit of cosset and a vacation at home is no exception. If there is a spa in your hometown, make an appointment during one (or more) of the days of your scheduled vacation. Or, if you prefer, there are many different stores that sell all kinds of spa type items for use at home. My perfect vacation takes place during the warm summer months so a pitchers mound in the back yard is the perfect place for daydreaming.There is nothing more relaxing than lying in a hammock under a shade tree while the gentle breeze of summer drifts over you and your mind wanders, either lost in carefree theme or traveling through the pages of your favorite book. If you dont have a shade tree or a back yard, any pleasant place where you can sit back and relax will work. You may also choose to spend your time visiting some favorite topical anaesthetic attractions or perhaps a leisurely stroll through a park. It really doesnt matter what you choose to do, as long as you are having fun.. Vacationing at home allows you to take it easy and relax without the stress of schedules, travel plans, lost luggage and gas prices. You dont have to invade about cab fares, or highway traffic. It can be as quiet and peaceful and exciting as you choose to make it. Your vacation at home can be tailor made to your specifications, wants, and desires. All it takes is a little thought, a little planning, and a little determination to make it the perfect dream vacation.

History and Geography??“the Foundations of Culture

History helps define a nations mission, how t perceives Its neighbors, how It sees its place In the world, and how It sees itself. The history of a country is important in understanding many aspects of a farming. One cannot fully understand how businesspeople negotiate, how they conduct business, their attitudes toward foreign investment, the legal system, and otherwise aspects of the market/business system without a historical survey. A historical perspective helps prepare an internationalistic marketer for many of the cultural differences that often pee-pee misunderstandings and In many cases, mistakes.While a racketeer may not be able to change a persons attitude or behavior, if you have an historical perspective of why they react as they do, you can gain insights that can possibly make it easier to adapt your strategies for a successful outcome. To understand, explain, and appreciate a peoples image of itself and the attitudes and unconscious(p) fears that reflected In its view of foreign cultures, it is incumbent to study the culture as It Is now as well as to understand the culture as It was-?that is, a countrys history.Loyalty to family, to country, to company, and to social groups and he sanitary drive to cooperate, to work together for a common cause, permeate many facets of Japanese behavior and have historical root that date back thousands of years. To understand, explain, and appreciate a peoples image of itself and the fundamental attitudes and unconscious fears that are often reflected in its view of foreign cultures, it is necessary to study the culture as it is now as well as to understand culture as It was, that Is, a countrys history.An awareness of the history of a country Is particularly impressive for understanding attitudes about the role of overspent and business, the relations between managers and the managed, the sources of management authority, and attitudes toward foreign Macs. History is what helps define a nations mission, how it perceives its neighbors, and how it sees its place in the world. To understand a countrys attitudes, prejudices, and fears it is necessary to look beyond the surface or current events to the Inner refinement of the countrys entire past for clues.Geography Is a study of the physical characteristics of a particular section of the earth. Involved in this study are climate, topography, and population. The interaction of the physical characteristics is one of the principal determinants of a countrys customs, returns, industries, needs, and methods of satisfying those needs. Marketing is concerned with satisfying the needs of people. International marketing seeks out the whole world as its marketplace.Therefore, for an International marketer to know how to satisfy the needs of the International factors of the peoples needs are. International marketer mustiness know that various climates and topographies do exist and that they are vital in shaping the marketing plans that an in ternational marketer must make. As an example, a manufacturing business selling machinery in the tropics would have to realize that special protection is needed to keep a machine running properly in calorifacient and humid climates. Study of geography is important in the evaluation of markets.Marketers need to be knowledgeable about the effects of geographic diversity on the sparing profiles of various nations. Climate and topography are examined as facets of the broader and more important elements of geography. Knowledge about geography, the climate and physical terrain when appraising a market influences marketing from product adaptation to ore profound influences on the development of marketing systems. Climatic features affect the uses and functions of products and equipment.Companies looking to build manufacturing plants in countries with more liberal pollution regulations than they have at home are finding that regulations everywhere are becoming stricter. Many Asian governm ents are drafting new regulations and strictly enforcing existing ones. A strong motivator for Asia and the rest of the world is the realization that pollution is on the verge of getting completely out of control. Neither Western Europe nor the rest of the industrialized world are free of surroundal mage rivers are polluted and the atmosphere in many major urban areas is far from clean.The very process of coercive industrial wastes leads to another and perhaps equally critical issue the disposal of hazardous waste, a by-product of pollution control. Estimates of hazardous wastes collected annually pass along 300 million tons the critical question is disposal that does not move the problem elsewhere. The business community is responding positively to the notion that the focus must be on the global environment rather than the quality of the air, land, and water in our own backyards.An International Chamber of Commerce Industry Forum on the environment reflected a shift in company at titudes toward environmental issues away from a reactive and largely defensive stance to a proactive and rehabilitative approach. Some disbeliever may dismiss such statements as window dressing and they could be, but the beginning of change is awareness. Responsibility for cleaning up the environment does not rest solely with governments, businesses, or activist groups. Each citizen has social and moral responsibility to include environmental protection among his/her highest goals.

The Role of Women in Spartan Society

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN SPARTAN SOCIETY The women of ancient Sparta, those who were born to Spartan parents, had m either regions. They were very important and essential for the stability and running of the ancient strugglerior society. The cleaning chars role in Spartan society was highly regarded by the bow as equal in immensity to that of a mans, but they could non rule or hold public office. They were given the quitdom, office, respect and status that was unheard of in the other polis, on with the rest of the classical world.Since the time of Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, the women of Sparta were very a good deal aware of their role in society. These roles were in regards to pregnancy, ownership and primary(prenominal)tenance of land, religion, education, marriage and their besotted find forbidden and power in society. In Xenophons explanation of the Spartan constitution, the central and most important role in Spartan society for the Spartiate or free woman was to continue Sparta, through childbirth. Spartan women were highly valued as the mothers of warriors and they had to maintain their fitness to ensure healthy pregnancy and childbirth.Since Sparta was regularly at war for much of its five hundred year history, it was a womans role to bear and rear healthy children, in particular, strong and brave sons to coiffure in the Spartan army. Females were promote to participate in physical prep so that they could give birth o healthy babies. According to Xenophon, Lycurgus decreed that women should result as much trouble over physical fitness as men on the railyard that if both parents were strong, the offspring would be to a greater extent stalwart and the women themselves would be able to bear the pains of labour. The role of motherhood was so important that mothers who had numerous sons were given special status and according to Xenophon, Spartans value motherhood so highly that there were only two ways a Spartan would receive their name on a gravestone death in battle or death in childbirth. Women were answerable for bringing up their children in their early years where both girls and boys received a public education. Mothers were responsible for communicating the Spartan values to their children. They encouraged bravery in their sons and did not tolerate cowardice in battle or grieve their sons when they died in battle.Rather than mourn the death of their son, they would take insolence in the fact that their son died in defence of Sparta Source 1 (Plutarch On Sparta, p. 160) As a woman was entombment her son, a worthless old crone came up to her and verbalise You poor woman, what a misfortune No, by the two gods, a piece of good fortune, she replied, because I bore him so that he might die for Sparta, and that is what has happened. To die for Sparta in battle was a mans highest honour and what a mother dreams of for her sons.Therefore, the pride of a Spartan woman was to be a mother of a truly courageous and dutiful son Source 2 (Plutarch On Sparta, p. 160) When an Ionian woman was p ride herself on one of the tapestries she had do (which was indeed of great value), a Spartan woman showed off her four most dutiful sons and said they were the phase of thing a noble and good woman ought to produce, and should boast of them and take pride in them. Spartan mothers were not tolerant to a sons act of cowardice or unworthiness towards her and Sparta. They were admitn to shame and kill their sons when they displayed these actions.For example, a quote from Plutarchs Sayings of Spartan Women shows just this. Another Spartan woman killed her son, who had deserted his post because he was unworthy of Sparta. She declared He was not my offspring for I did not bear one unworthy of Sparta. (Blundell, 1995, 151 & 157 Pomeroy, 2002, 34-37 & 52-69 Dont know who said what, notes given from a uni student. ) Spartan women were known to be wealthy although Sparta did not have a coinage system and women were not allowed to throw gold or silver. This wealth was known to have been dumbfoundd from property ownership.Land ownership in Sparta was different from other polis. A familys land was shared amidst all members of the family, including the girls but their percentage was smaller than her brothers. At the beginning of the classical period, a Spartan woman could inherit part of her familys estate but she never owned it, it was always passed on to her children. This changed and towards the end of the classical period, Xenophon and Aristotle noted that women did own and could manage, control, and dispose of property without the need of male approval.Women could also acquire land through marriage says Powell, Athens and Sparta. Aristotle indicated that women owned two-fifths of the land near the end of the classical period. With the women owning this much land and the men were constantly away training or at war, they played very important roles in the management of the househ old and the kleros. They had to supervise the helots who worked in the house and kleros because they did not per underframe domestic duties or manual labour, an act which was seen only fit for helots.If a woman was married, any profit from her estate was her husbands profit too and the same goes for any profit from the estate of her husbands. If a married couple were to divorce, which was very rare, women were allowed to keep their estates. Women were encouraged to be skilled and knowledgeable with horses so they could ride out to supervise theirs and their husbands estates which could have been spread out over a vast amount of area. Therefore, Spartan women usually owned, bred and trained fine horses which served as an example of their wealth in land. Blundell, 1995, 155-157 Pomeroy, 1975, 38 Pomeroy, 1991, 144 Pomeroy, 2002, 19-34 & 76-86 Dont know who said what, notes given from a uni student. ) Women also played an important role in religion. According to S. B. Pomeroy, Spartan cults for women mirrored the societys emphasis on female beauty, health and most of all, fertility, being prominent in the cults of Dionysus, Eileithyia and Helen. During apparitional festivals, such as the Hyporchema and the Caryatid, women would sing, dance, race, feast, dedicate votive offerings, drive chariots in processions and weave clothing for cult images of the gods, said Pomeroy.At the Hyakinthia festival, women played a part in riding on richly decorated carriages made of wicker work, while others yoked chariots and drove them in a procession for racing says Hooker in The Ancient Spartans. At the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, a large number of votive offerings have been found. It is thought that these offerings were made by women who were gratis(p), pregnant or had survived childbirth, as Artemis Orthia was associated with childbirth. Also, Spartan mothers made offerings and sacrifices to the goddess Aphrodite Hera when their daughters got married.In addition, Pomeroy give tongue to that sundry votive offerings by individual women were evidences of other personal relationships with the divinities. In figure 3. 9 in the book Antiquity 2, there is a fifth century relief showing a Spartan girl involved a religious rite. From early childhood, girls were raised to be the kind of mothers that Sparta required, just as boys were trained to be the soldiers it needed. The Spartan education system that was devised for girls was to create mothers who would produce the best hoplites, to manage property and to participate in religious festivals.Girls stayed at home(a) with their mothers who taught them the basics of reading and writing. Since music was an important part of Spartas religious festivals, the girls had to learn to sing and perform dances such as the bibasis, which was also a form of exercise. Sparta was the only polis where the training of girls was prescribed and supported by public authorization. The girls physical education involved, running, wrestling, discus throwing, and hurling the javelin, as accounted by Plutarch.The main reason why girls participated in physical activities was to serve the state purpose of giving birth to strong and healthy children, on the basis that both parents were strong and healthy, according to Barrow and Powell. (Blundell, 1995, 151 Fantham, 1994, 57-63 Pomeroy, 1975, 36 Pomeroy, 2002, 4-27 Dont know who said what, notes given from a uni student. ) According to Plutarch, unlike girls from other polis, Spartan girls married when they were proper for it, probably around the age of eighteen when they were more physically mature and ready for motherhood.Spartans were expected to marry within their own social class and was principally arranged between families, with the bride and groom usually knowing each other beforehand. Another form of marriage that was believed to have been practiced in Sparta was marriage by capture. This occurred when a man would choose a bride and carry her off. Alt hough it sounds like the bride had no choice in who she would marry, A. J. Ball suggests that the act of capture was purely a symbolic act. Plutarch states that the bride was dressed like a male with her hair shaved off in preparation for the marriage.Some suggestions why this procedure was undertaken were because it implied chastity, and to ease the groom into unfamiliar grounds to have sexual intercourse with a woman since he spent the majority of his time with other men. Trial marriages were also practised in Sparta. It was not unusual for a married couple to keep their marriage a secret until the birth of their first child, just in case the wife was barren and so a new marriage contract could be arranged. The Spartan society had an open minded attitude towards extramarital relations, provided that it was to produce more children.It was unimpeachable for an older man with a young wife to give permission for a younger man to have sexual intercourse with her provided that they pr oduce more physically fit children. Also, according to Xenophon, if a man wanted to have children but did not want to get married, he could ask permission from other man if he could share his wife sexually. There were no indications that women made objections or complaints to such arrangements. Married Spartan women had significantly more influence and power in society than other women from other polis.It is thought that they obtained all this influence and power as a result of their wealth, the constant absences of their husbands and an educational system that encouraged them to speak out and express themselves. However, their authority was more social and not political. They were restricted from voting and could not hold governmental positions, even though they made up the majority of Spartiates. It is thought that they did, nevertheless, give their opinions on public matters. They were known to be unbelievably straight talking and dominated their husbands in the household.Accord ing to Plutarch, When a woman from Attica asked Why is it that you Spartans are the only women who can rule men? Gorgo replied, Because we are the only ones who give birth to men. Another way females in Sparta practiced their authority was during festivals, where girls would sing songs of praises for Spartan boys who deserved them. They would cheer for the winners and mock the losers of competitions which influenced the boys to strive for excellence. According to S. Blundell, Females in Sparta were so thoroughly indoctrinated that they formed an effective branch of a state propaganda machine. A shrine of one of Spartas most famous women, Cynisca, who had been hailed as a hero for her equestrian victories, was centrally located in Sparta. This further emphasises how much power and influence they had. Aristotle was critical of the wealth, power and influence women exercised in Sparta because he felt that it strongly contributed to Spartas ultimate downfall. (Blundell, 1995, 155-157 Pomeroy, 1991, 144-149 Pomeroy, 2002, 56-93 Dont know who said what, notes given from a uni student. ) In conclusion, the role of Spartan women in society was of great importance.They not only played a vital role in the economy, religion, education and public matters, they were the backbone of the entire Spartan race. Without the women playing their role in society, Sparta would not have been the once mighty and great polis as we know it today. Bibliography Hurley, T. , Medcalf, P. , Murray, C. and Rolph, J. 2008, Antiquity 2, Oxford University Press Victoria. Stevens, V. , Merchant, W. , Hampson, M. and Bradshaw. G. 2006, HSC Ancient History, Macmillan Education Australia South Yarra. Pomeroy, S. B. 2002, Spartan Women, Oxford University Press New York Jovy Celestino

Contemporary Art Issues: Digital Art in Malaysia Essay

Digital maneuver started around 1952 in US when Ben F. Laposky produced Oscillon Number Four. artisan al dashs eager to produce something that beyond limitation of technology and mostly, artist at that time is figurer programmer because no graphic softwargon was getable at that time. Herbert W. Franke, John Withney Sr. and Ben F. Laposky are one of the pioneers in digital art. Ben Laposky has created first graphic image generated by an analog machine. A mathematician and artist from Iowa, he produced this image by victimization manipulated electronic beam display across the fluorescent face of an oscilloscopes cathode-ray tube and then recorded onto high-velocity film.Malaysia Era of Digital ArtDigital art in Malaysia started in 1980s when Dr. Kamarudzaman Md Isa produce a self potrait artistic production tittled Self potrait (1984) using BASIC Language programming. Then Ismail Zain appeared with Al Rumi, Happy Birthday, Mr Parameswara and Alkesah. He used to be recognized by h is composition drawing example DOT detribalisation of Tam binti Che Tom (1986).The first exhibition of electronic art were held in National Art Gallery in 1997 curated by Hasnol J Saidin and Niranjan raja to introduced digital art which create public awareness about digital art development and impact towards art in this revolution and reading era. Today, digital art is not and for programmer but also for illustrator, graphic designer and multimedia, thanks to development of graphic softwares.Issue DiscussedIssues of discussion here is about sensing of society towards digital art which is the art of computer is digital art, art? This is a very interesting subject as society restrained underestimates of digital art as easy to produce and have less authentic and aesthetic value. As people always think that Figure 1 is a painting, hence it is produce using computer software and added a hand touch as finishing. It is clearly stated that value of art would be more appreciate by its audience if it been produced using the traditional method which is hand-painting.Digital art or computer art been chief due to originality, authentication, ownership, palpability and longevity of the artwork. Do these factors make a big difference towards art that produce by computer? Cited from Davis 341, We still bid wildly at auctions and employment armies of scholars to find the original, the authentic masterpiece.1 But Beardsley 232 proposed that artwork is something produced with intention of giving it the capacity to satisfy the aesthetic interest. This statement proves that every artwork that contains aesthetic interest is art.The lone(prenominal) difference is computer act as tools to ease artist in produce their artwork. Popper 78 says that For some artists the computer is only a design tool. For other(a) it is means of fabrication and for yet others, the computer is used because it possesses capabilities analogous to human intellectual processes and may even be consi dered as a creative entity in its own right.2 Still, audience uplifts the romanticism value towards giving art appreciation in produced artworks. As computer actually could preserve the artwork, authentic value been question by audience shows that rejection of the idea to modernize the art culture.Focus of DiscussionWe are discussing about digital art which carry futuristic and high technology characteristic in design. Combination of photography and art in digital art produce surrealism and realistic identity. Image manipulation was popular back in early of digital art begin and very graphic. Hence, it develops to become more artistic in order to challenge computer program in creating something new.The acceptance of digital artwork is very invaluable on Malaysia due to our audience which more towards customary art. Dr. Kamarudzaman propose that romantic value syndrome still appears in local audience perspective. Would you buy a projected image on the wall? The answer would be no an d this show that we still need skeletal frame in order to appreciate artwork value.How does computer art works? The formula would be input, computer system as tools and output as final exam artwork. Digital art also being define as art in which information is translated for use by computer. Computer art not only broaden the border of art by reach over limitation, but cited from Molnar it also can encourage the mind to work in new ways (Popper 80). Thus, it is up to audience to decide does digital art contain the same value as conventional art. Even though the difference is only manipulation of tools, but impact and acceptance of digital art in Malaysia is still far away from society acceptance.Area of InterestFirst digital artwork which produces by Dr. Kamarudzaman shows that digital art is very interesting in creating and manipulate ordinary images and make it as work of art. Limitation of computer ability is a challenge for artist to create something beyond. For example commodor e 64 only available with 64k memory, and attach to television for image display. Some of artist like Ismail Zain, Hasnul J Saidon and Niranjan Rajah are mostly interested in digital art. Hasnul J Saidon still active giving lectures and doing research in new media art scene in South East Asia region. But mostly artist in US are more advance in usage of computer to generate artwork.Example, artist like Boreham (1974) has made use of electronic media in creating synthesized sound for his electro-acoustic composition, as well as computer technology in his graphic work, in such way that the audience is stimulated to go beyond the simple results exhibited and imagines new possibilities, both technical and artistic. The work like Roger Coquart, Jeremy Gardiner, Kammerer-Luka, Joan Truckenbrod, Margot Lovejoy, Jean-Pierre Yvaral and John Pearson also fits into fixed computer works on traditional supports.Analysis of ArtworkArtwork of Hasnul J Saidon Kdek Kdek Ong display an image of frog a nd tempurung is one of sinical idea to tell audience that information and tecnology should not be abandone. Even though art is about originality, digital art also have the same identity that not differenciate digital and conventional art. Combination of computer and conventional artwork is very attractive yet delivers the message very clearly. Usage of mixing red, green and blue colour in this artwork shows the feeling of anxiety and unclearly thoughts which is very primary and leads to rejection of new idea and technology. Tempurung were design as a platform to represent the society and their idea still on the bottom, no progress happen where as the frog in the screen (which already accepting the new idea) is already out of tempurung and stay on the top of the rest.ConclusionConclusion can be made through observation and it show that lack of knowledge, rejection of new idea and romantic value are still the main point of audience in Malaysia did not accepting digital art as an art w ith value. We still insist the conservative way of art in order to give value of an artwork. Hence photography and video is accepted as an art, digital art is still create their succes in another platform like broadcasting or film but not in art community itself.