The Oppression of Females in Advertising :: essays papers

Our society is a complex collection of institutions, status, roles, values, and norms, and the best way to understand and learn about them is through the use of cultural artifacts. These can be anything from music to art to literature, or as in the example of this discussion, the modern day creation of advertisement as seen in women's magazines. As Homo Sapiens moved from the hunter - gatherer way of life to industrial society , it was necessary to construct a framework for living so that such a concentrated number of people could exist together. This framework as come to consist of a myriad of expectations based on values and norms in the form of roles status and institutions. Desirable behavior is sought by people throughout the country based on how one is brought up and the expectations one is bombarded with on a daily basis. These expectations are reflected in every part of our culture and are used by people so as to know how to act in any given situation. The main examples are: the family, education, health and medicine, religion, and the law. I have found that certain mediums reflect the expected roles in these institutions better than others. I originally focused on gender roles as a depiction of stereotypical behavior as reflected by advertising especially the portrayal of women, but I discovered that there were other stereotypes being perpetuated as well that were just as institutionalized if not just simply less noticed or studied. Therefore, although this argument will focus on the depiction of females and the female role in advertising. It will also mention the general use of American values , norms, and institutions to influence consumers. An institution is defined as "a stable cluster of values, norms, status, roles, and groups that develop around a basic social need" with a status being a person's position in society and a role being the behavior expected from that, and a value being a socially shared idea of what is good, right, and desirable and a norm being the behavior expected from those ideas. When people begin to form certain expectations in life there begin to be formed stereotypes. People recognize them universally and use them to form opinions and act or not act in a certain way when they are confronted with a situation or person.

Supply and Demand

Automotive Industry Supply and Demand Katharyn E. Moore Supply and Demand The automobile industry has certainly have seen fluctuations in supply and demand, especially in the last decade. The economic turmoil of the United States has only been one factor in supply and demand of vehicles. This is evident with employment and income of consumers, interest rates, gas prices and the consumers need for more efficient cars. The demand for more fuel-efficient transportation increases as gas prices rise and the supply for fuel-efficient cars also rises. Manufacturers will increase the supply of fuel-efficient cars to meet the demand. If the prices of these cars are more than what the consumer is willing to pay, the demand will decrease and inventory of these cars will increase. A decrease in price of the fuel-efficient care will cause the demand to increase and the manufacturer to increase supply at the price the consumer is willing to pay. Equilibrium is the supply and demand of fuel-efficient cars will meet at a price that the consumer is willing to pay and the price the manufacture will charge for the car (Colander, 2011). The resources needed for the industry whether it is employees, raw materials, financial and technology affect supply and demand in the automotive industry. These resources are needed to facilitate the making of vehicles and their supply either abundant or scarce will affect the industry. The unavailability of steel in manufacturing of fabricated metal product decreases the ability to supply the framework for a vehicle will decrease (Gross output by Industry, 2010). The manufacturer will have to decrease the supply. The limited availability will increase prices of metal and decreases demand for the product at a higher price. If the demand for cars is high, the manufacturer will have to pay the higher cost and forward that increase on to the consumer increasing the price of the car. The consumer may not want the higher cost car and demand for the car will decrease a factor in moving the supply and demand curves of cars. Alternatives in the automobile industry are ongoing as manufacturers are introducing more fuel-efficient cars as well as biofuel (e85) and electric cars. New technology and consumer preference of these alternatives will affect the supply and demand of vehicles. Consumer preference to a more ecological friendly vehicle increases demand and encourages supply increases from the manufacturer. Consumers have the opportunity to help the environment and decrease the usage for gas when renting a vehicle. Enterprise has added electric cars to their rental fleet along with hybrids and fuel-efficient vehicles (Finance News, 2011). The shift in demand for these vehicles will change the demand curve of alternative vehicles. Consumers are the important factor in supply and demand in the automobile industry. Our decisions of a fuel-efficient vehicle and the price we are willing to pay for these vehicles influence the supply and demand. We have choices as consumers, and these choices influence competition, pricing, and demand of vehicles available for purchase. The supplier will act accordingly to these demands and make available the supply of product the consumer wants. The demand for vehicles is dependent on pricing, new technology, fuel efficiency, alternative fuels and competition (Colander, 2011). These decisions will increase or decrease the supply and demand curves with these choices. With all of these and other factors the supply and demand curve will increase and decrease as the market changes with these influences. Supply and demand will always be changing as we choose to purchase products and services that we need for our psychological and physiological needs. References Colander (2011). Introduction into Macroeconomics. Macroeconomics (7th Ed. ), Chapter Four, United States: McGraw-Hill-Create. Finance News. (2011, October 27). Enterprise Rent-a-Car expands electric vehicle fleet. Retrieved October 30, 2011, from Yahoo. com website: http://finance. yahoo. com Gross output by Industry. (2010, December 14). Retrieved October 28, 2011, from Bureau of Economic Analysis website: http://www. bea. gov U. S. International Trade in goods and services. (2011, October 13). Retrieved October 28, 2011, from U. S. Census Bureau – Economic Analysis News website: http://www. bea. gov

Edition Chapter

School of Economics Summary The case lists out the dilemma that Western Retail outlets (such as Wall-Mart, Careful and others) face as they enter Asian markets. The case builds on the notion that these retail outlets are not able to build on the premise of cultural differences and hence they cannot adapt themselves to the demographics of the local markets.The paper puts forth the framework which emphasizes of the Importance of adapting to the needs of Aslant consumers on part of these large retailers. The paper Is a culmination of work done on large retailers over a span of six years. The researcher has deviated from the traditional methods of data collection and has traveled wide and far for data collection, this has allowed the paper to develop a wider frame of reference and have a cross-sectional analysis across countries.The approach to the paper is ethnographic and real-life scenarios have been issued to elicit the happenings in daily life. From the researcher's point of view, t he customer's obvious needs are kept in accordance with their unspoken needs and wants. The method used results in a more In depth understanding of culture and the resulting buying processes which are otherwise not comprehensible. The paper elects the hypermarket structure being followed In Asia and sets out by explaining the structures of stores such as ART-Marti Tests and Careful which have.

Zero Waste

Article – Nudging Recycling From Less Waste to None Talks about an antigarbage strategy known as â€Å"zero waste† †¦.. The movement is simple in concept†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦to Produce less waste. What is the zero waste? Zero waste that the entire concept of waste should be eliminated. Instead, waste should be thought of as a â€Å"residual product† or simply a â€Å"potential resource†. †¢ A residual product OR COMPOSTABLE ITEMS†¦.. Bioplastics like the forks (at Yellowstone) made from plant materials like cornstarch that mimic plastic, are used to manufacture a growing number of items that are compostable.For example, a polystyrene foam containers(Plastic plates, forks, cups,coffee cups) /AREBEING MADE OF CORNSTARCH- Corn starch is basically white flour made from corn. You can find it anywhere they sell regular flour. Corn starch is a starch or a starchy flour made from corn and used for thickening gravies and sauces. For example, ! (1)a city in California called Santa monica which bans the use of polystyrene foam containers, Yellowstone and some institutions have asked manufacturers to mark some biodegradable items with a brown or green stripe.SUCH AS THE PLASTICS THAT THEY SERVE US IN THE CAFETERIA ARE BEING MADE CORNSTARCH. When u throw away this kind of plastics and end up in the garbage landfills. After days of the sun hitting these things they rELEASE METHANE. when sealed in landfills without oxygen, organic materials release methane, a potent heat-trapping gas, as they decompose. If composted, however, the food can be broken down and returned to the earth as a nonchemical fertilizer with no methane by-product.Americans are still the undisputed champions of trash, dumping 4. 6 pounds per person per day While the U. S. shares only 4. 7 % of the total population in the world, we produce more 33% of the total waste in the world. About 97. 5% of the solid wastes produced by the U. S. are industrial, and 1. 5% are from hom es and businesses in or near urban areas (municipal solid waste). BUT this 1. 5 % is not as small as you would first think! The U. S. produces about 506 billion pounds of garbage every year.The amount doubled in the last 30 years. â€Å"This is enough waste to fill a bumper-bumper convoy of garbage truck encircling the globe eight times† (Miller, P369). We are producing an average of 1800 pounds of garbage per person every year. We are wasting more than any other countries in the world! In other words, we are ruining the Earth by wasting resources, polluting the environment, or destroying the ecosystem more rapidly than any other time in the history, and no one has ever caused more damage to the earth than the US has. BENEFITSSince waste is a sign of inefficiency, the reduction of waste usually reduces costs. For example, Hewlett Packard in Roseville, CA reduced its waste by 95% and saved $870,564 in 1998. Epson in Portland, OR has reduced its waste to zero and has saved $300 ,000. Interface, Inc. in Atlanta, GA has eliminated over $90M in waste. Xerox Corp. , Rochester, NY has had a Waste-Free Factory environmental performance goal since the early 1990s. The criteria include reductions in solid and hazardous waste, emissions, energy consumption, and increased recycling.Savings were $45M in 1998. A Zero Waste strategy improves upon â€Å"cleaner production† and â€Å"pollution prevention† strategies by providing a visionary endpoint that leads us to take larger, more innovative steps The vision of Zero Waste can be seen as a solution to these needs and a key to our grandchildren's future. Zero solid waste, zero hazardous waste, zero toxic emissions, zero material waste, zero energy waste and zero waste of human resources will protect the environment and lead to a much more productive, efficient, and sustainable future.Zero Waste promotes not only reuse and recycling, but also, and more importantly, promotes prevention – designs that consider the entire product life cycle. These new designs will strive for reduced materials use, use of recycled materials, use of more benign materials, longer product lives, repairability, and ease of disassembly at end of life. A Zero Waste strategy is a sound business tool that, when integrated into business processes, provides an easy to understand stretch goal that can lead to innovative ways to identify, prevent and reduce wastes of all kinds.It strongly supports sustainability by protecting the environment, reducing costs and producing additional jobs in the management and handling of wastes back into the industrial cycle. A Zero Waste strategy may be applied to businesses, communities, industrial sectors, schools and homes. (2)new San Francisco ordinance requiring residential and commercial building owners to sign up for recycling and composting services officially kicked on last Tuesday. but growing evidence already suggests that the law has had an impact.Since June, when the ordinance was signed into law, the amount of compostables collected from residents and businesses in special green-colored bins had jumped to 500 tons a day, according to Recology, the city’s waste collection company. San Francisco officials felt an ordinance making recycling and composting mandatory was needed to meet the city’s goal of diverting 75 percent of its already substantial collection of recyclable materials (the city has a 72 percent recycling rate, the highest in the nation) away from landfills by 2010.

Private Browsing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Private Browsing - Essay Example This paper will discuss the possible uses of the ‘privacy browsing’ feature at home or the workplace (Foley, 2008). The uses of this feature, whether at home or at work, include instances whereby the surfer is using their personal information on another person’s computers – or from a shared computers. This is particularly important in instances where the sites to be browsed are commonly surfed, including YouTube and Facebook as the privacy feature will help them to browse and not tamper with the history of other users or those of the owner of the computer. Through the feature, the surfer will access the common sites, yet leave stored passwords and user names of the original user untouched or unchanged. An example, is where the surfer starts a private session; therefore, they do not require the other user to log out (Trapani, 2005). The feature is useful at home or work when debugging or testing different websites. This is particularly true when the surfer needs to debug or test areas that are cookie-related in a session. For example, when using cookie-based platforms, the surfer can open two different sessions of the same site – for instance that for the user and administrator – at the same time in order to speed the process. The feature is helpful when the surfer wants to manage different Google application accounts. One example is that of an internet user who has different application accounts, which they use for work and other areas of interest, for instance volunteer professions. This case may include that of a surfer who wants to check different â€Å"Google Docs† accounts, without linking the documents contained in the two accounts (Foley, 2008). In the modern times of social websites and major work and professional activities on the internet, the feature helps the surfer to hide the information areas that they accessed so that any visitor will not know the information bases or the people’s profiles they reviewed.

Colleges become major front in fight over carrying Guns Research Paper

Colleges become major front in fight over carrying Guns - Research Paper Example But proponents argue that reduced level of criminal events like sorry mass shootings seen in 2007 and 2008 at Virginia Tech and Illinois University respectively is directly associated with prohibition on carrying guns. Banning guns is also a popular argument presently because this strategy curbs the bravado of emotional students who may shoot their professors dead over trivial matters. Sustaining the right to carry guns is a really weak argument because nearly all states in the US are in agreement that this is a really bad idea. Crime is strengthening in the world at a stupendous and horrifying rate. In such a distressing situation, colleges should play an active and efficient role in the noble fight over carrying guns because staying silent and inactive can potentially result in an increased rate of ugly shooting incidents at campuses. This paper basically aims at contemplating the controversial nature of gun rights, what contemporary research has to say on the subject, and reviewin g to what extent colleges are justified in fighting against carrying guns. Research reveals that there is an increased incidence of dangerous behaviors like binge drinking on campuses which is considered by anti-gun advocates as a really good reason to make colleges gun-free zones. Introducing guns into an environment of â€Å"binge drinking, drug use and the pressures that college students are under† (Pelosi cited in Ruiz) is a really bad and wretched thing to do. It is claimed that a high rate of high-risk behaviors witnessed on college campuses like â€Å"binge drinking and drug use are commonly cited by anti-gun advocates as reasons to keep weapons off campus† (Smeck). Understandably, carrying guns at campus by students in contemporary world is seen in a very controversial light because given the severity of certain really bad incidents which have occurred in the US colleges in the past, the right to carry concealed weapons is seen more as a promising threat of unb ridled violence. Only recently, seriously troubled news of murders at Sandy Hook Elementary School generated waves around the US fueling the gun control debate. Only Utah, Colorado, Mississippi, Wisconsin, and Oregon are five states which still permit students to carry guns at campus. Gun advocates in these states still argue that if students are not allowed to carry weapons, other people living outside the law with criminal intentions will get green signal for hitting the vulnerable targets easily getting away with their horrendous actions without being hit in reaction. But it is argued by director of the Campaign to Keep Guns Off Campus that â€Å"this argument is not strong enough to justify allowing concealed weapons on campus† (Pelosi cited in Smeck). Actually, more threats are promised by gun allowance than benefits. It is claimed that gun violence â€Å"disrupts American lives, inflames public sentiment, and interrupts the societal concept of ordered liberty† (W ilson 6). Anti-gun sentiments have been building for past five or six years (Moynihan cited in Smeck) especially since the notorious Virginia Tech incident which involves a psychopath student deliberately shooting 32 students and a professor to death. This is recognized as one of the major incidents responsible for initiating a ceaseless debate between advocates and opponents of gun-carrying rights laws. This tragic incident took place in 2007 and just after 5

Criminal Theory Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Theory - Research Paper Example The paper also deals with the common models used by society to determine which acts are considered to be criminal, how they are affected by choice theories, and how they are enforced by the government. It is essential to identify the various choice theories and how they contribute to an in depth understanding of how crimes are being perceived by the society and the criminal justice system. Regoli and Hewitt have made some remarkable studies on the various choice theories on crimes and for the researchers choice theories hold â€Å"that people have free will, are rational and intelligent, and make informed decisions to commit crimes based on whether they believe they will benefit from doing so† (Regoli & Hewitt 66). Thus, an individual has the free will to decide whether to commit a crime or refrain from it in given situations. The ultimate choice of indulging in crimes rests on the individual himself. Very often, individuals commit crimes only after evaluating the possible ben efits as well as the consequences of the action in their lives. It can thus be inferred that individuals tend to keep themselves away from crimes when such consequences of crimes would lead them to pain, punishment, imprisonment or even death penalty. Choice theories can generally be categorized into rational choice theory, the routine activities theory and the life style theory. All these choice theories underline the fact that people are more inclined to commit crimes when right opportunities arise and there is nothing to deter or de-motivate them from such choices. The rational choice theory was developed and propagated by Ronald Clarke and Derek Cornish. The authors argue that offenders are â€Å"rational people who make calculated choices before they commit a criminal act† and as such they â€Å"collect, process, and evaluate information about the crime; they weigh the costs and benefits of the crime before they make the decision to commit it† (Regoli & Hewitt 67) . Thus, the rational choice theorists argue that offenders commit planned crimes where they decide whom to target and in what way to operate their criminal activities. The theory has great significance in the criminal justice system. It is imperative that there are powerful provisions of punishment and deterrence in the criminal justice system to put an end to rational choice crimes. From a rational choice perspective the decisions of the offenders regarding the crime are quite purposive, intentional and deliberative. However, these decisions can be â€Å"biased on limited information, made under pressure, insufficiently planned, and/or attentive only to the immediate risks of apprehension rather than to the long-term consequences of their actions† (Lilly, Ball & Cullen 342). Most often, crimes based on choice theories stem from the offender’s attempts to satisfy his/her needs to earn money, acquire social status or to take revenge. On the other hand, the offender woul d always try to get rid of the negative consequences of the crime which include arrest, punishment and imprisonment. However, rational choice theory does not focus very much on the background factors that are involved in the making of crimes. On the other hand, rational choice t